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Oxford - Diversity Of life > Eukaryotic Microbes - Innovations In Biology > Flashcards

Eukaryotic Microbes - Innovations In Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What were protists originally split into?

A

Monera

Eunucleata

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2
Q

Monera

A

Bacteria and blue green algae without a nuclear membrane

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3
Q

Eunucleata

A

Unicellular organisms without a nuclear membrane

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4
Q

What type of nucleus do eukaryotic cells have?

A

Membrane enclosed

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5
Q

Mitosis example of a eukaryote that contains mitosomes

A

Giardia intestinalis (parasite)

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6
Q

Archaeplastida

A

Major group of eukaryotes comprising

Plants
Red algae
Green algae
Glaucophytes

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7
Q

Rhizaria

A

Non photosynthetic

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8
Q

What are the current 6 supergroups of Eukarya?

A 
Archaeplastida
Rhizaria
Chromalveolata
Excavata 
Amoebozoa
Opisthokonta

(A rare cat escaped and overtook)

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9
Q

What is a supergroup

A

Not an official taxon but essentially equivalent to a kingdom

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10
Q

Glaucophyte

A

Small group of freshwater unicellular algae

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11
Q

Chromoalveolata

A

Stramenopiles

Alveolata

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12
Q

What’s a stramenopile

A

Class of organisms distinguished by the presence of stiff tripartite external hairs

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13
Q

What’s alveolata

A

Characterized by presence of cortical (outer region) alveoli sacs packed into a continuous layer under the membrane and supporting it (typically forming a flexible pellicle - thin skin)

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14
Q

Excavata characteristics

A

Asymmetrical appearance with feeding grove excavated from one side
Includes parasitic, photosynthetic and heterotrophic organisms

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15
Q

Amoebozoa characteristics

A

Characterized by presence of pseudopodia (extensions used for locomotion and feeding)

Include slime molds

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16
Q

Opisthokonta characteristics

A

Synthesis of extra cellular chitin in exoskeleton

Cyst/spore wall or cell wall of filamentous growth and hyphae

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17
Q

Nutrition of most single celled eukaryotes

A

Aerobic

Contain mitochondria, mitosomes or hydrogenosomes

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18
Q

Example of predatory single celled eukaryote

A

Paramecium

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19
Q

Under representation of eukaryotic diversity in WGS studies leads to poor understanding

A

Some species dna has been examined less/more (bias towards economically important species, parasitic species, species easier to culture, pathogens)

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20
Q

Phylogenetic success story

Pneumocystis

A

Originally through to be a protozoan but reclassified as a fungus in 1988

Antifungal agents successfully treat it

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21
Q

Pneumocystis

A

Opportunistic pathogen causing pneumonia in immunocompromised patients

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22
Q

Phylogenetic success story

Phytophthora

A

Originally thought to be a fungus but molecular data showed it was a stramenopile which explained why fungicides were ineffective and helped us understand reasons for its speed to become resistant

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23
Q

Phytophthora

A

Cause of potato blight

24
Q

What unicellular lineages are lost closely related to animals ?

A

Choanoflagellates

Filasterea and Ichtyosporea are also closely related

25
Q

Estimate for how many times multicellularity independently evolved?

A

16 - 22 times

26
Q

What are pseudopodia

A

Temporary projections of the plasma membrane

27
Q

How do pseudopodia extend and contract?

A

Reversible assembly of actin sub units into micro filaments

28
Q

Do Rhizaria or Amoebae have more threadlike pseudopodia?

A

Rhizaria

29
Q

Uses of pseudopodia

A

Phagocytosis (sensing and engulfing)

30
Q

Three types of locomotion

A

Pseudopodia
Flagella
Cilia

31
Q

Are flagellates or ciliates faster?

A

Ciliates

32
Q

Explain cilia movement

A

Move like oars with alternating power and recovery strokes ‘wave’ like motion

Generate force perpendicular to cilias axis

Synchronized beats

33
Q

Explain movement in gliding locomotion

A

Translocations of surface adhesions from apical pole to posterior pole

34
Q

In gliding movement what powers the translocation of surface adhesions

A

Actomyosin system underlying plasma membrane

35
Q

What machinery helps cells glide

A

Glideosome (substrate dependent)

36
Q

What are flagella organisms associated with?

A

Having their own metabolism

37
Q

How do flagellates divide?

A

In a longitudinal plane

38
Q

How do ciliates divide?

A

In an equatorial transverse plane

Maintaining correct number of cilia
(Replication of cytosine then cytoplasm division)

39
Q

What is a cytosome

A

Part of a cell specialised for phagocytosis

40
Q

How do amoebas divide?

A

No fixed plane of division - just round up and divide into two halves

41
Q

Type of asexual reproduction favoured by parasites

A

Endodyogeny

42
Q

Endodyogeny

A

Two daughter cells develop within mother cell which is consumed by the offspring upon their maturation (mother cell eaten by daughters??)

43
Q

Schizogony

A

Occurs in some Protozoa
After a varying number of nuclear divisions the cell divides into a number of daughter cells
(MULTIPLE FISSION)

44
Q

Endopolygeny

A

Division into several organisms at once by internal budding

45
Q

How do ciliates undergo sexual reproduction

A

Conjugation

46
Q

Gametogony

A

Formation of gametes during sexual stage of life cycle in certain protozoans

47
Q

Sporogony

A

Asexual process of spore formation in parasitic sporozoans

48
Q

Euglena gracious

A
  • example of species in Excavata superphylum
  • has a flagella, natural tolerance to acidic conditions, unique reserve of carb Paramylon for carbon source when there’s low carbon conditions
49
Q

Inching locomotion name

A

Metaboly

50
Q

Pellicle

A

Flexible coats that allows cell to change shape

51
Q

Benefit of euglena gracilis

A

Bio products - fuels, biomedicine

52
Q

Paramecium

A
  • example of species in alveolata superphylum

- heterotrophs feeding on bacteria, have cilia

53
Q

What causes giardiasis disease?

A

Giardia intestinalis (excavata)

54
Q

What have parasites had a major impact on?

A

Livestock and animals

55
Q

Example of parasite affect on livestock

A

Trypanosoma brucei in cattle

Transmitted by tsetse fly in areas of Africa

56
Q

Key point summary

A

All prokaryotes are unicellular
BUT eukaryotes can be both multicellular AND unicellular

Unicellular eukaryotes are less well understood and defined

Important eukaryotic inventions such as locomotion, reproduction and gene transfer etc influence biology of organisms

Number of eukaryotic cells have evolved to be parasitic

Oxford - Diversity Of life (39 decks)

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