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Oxford - Diversity Of life > Eukaryotic Microbes - Innovations In Biology > Flashcards

Eukaryotic Microbes - Innovations In Biology Flashcards

1
Q

What were protists originally split into?

A

Monera

Eunucleata

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2
Q

Monera

A

Bacteria and blue green algae without a nuclear membrane

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3
Q

Eunucleata

A

Unicellular organisms without a nuclear membrane

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4
Q

What type of nucleus do eukaryotic cells have?

A

Membrane enclosed

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5
Q

Mitosis example of a eukaryote that contains mitosomes

A

Giardia intestinalis (parasite)

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6
Q

Archaeplastida

A

Major group of eukaryotes comprising

Plants
Red algae
Green algae
Glaucophytes

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7
Q

Rhizaria

A

Non photosynthetic

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8
Q

What are the current 6 supergroups of Eukarya?

A 
Archaeplastida
Rhizaria
Chromalveolata
Excavata 
Amoebozoa
Opisthokonta

(A rare cat escaped and overtook)

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9
Q

What is a supergroup

A

Not an official taxon but essentially equivalent to a kingdom

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10
Q

Glaucophyte

A

Small group of freshwater unicellular algae

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11
Q

Chromoalveolata

A

Stramenopiles

Alveolata

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12
Q

What’s a stramenopile

A

Class of organisms distinguished by the presence of stiff tripartite external hairs

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13
Q

What’s alveolata

A

Characterized by presence of cortical (outer region) alveoli sacs packed into a continuous layer under the membrane and supporting it (typically forming a flexible pellicle - thin skin)

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14
Q

Excavata characteristics

A

Asymmetrical appearance with feeding grove excavated from one side
Includes parasitic, photosynthetic and heterotrophic organisms

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15
Q

Amoebozoa characteristics

A

Characterized by presence of pseudopodia (extensions used for locomotion and feeding)

Include slime molds

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16
Q

Opisthokonta characteristics

A

Synthesis of extra cellular chitin in exoskeleton

Cyst/spore wall or cell wall of filamentous growth and hyphae

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17
Q

Nutrition of most single celled eukaryotes

A

Aerobic

Contain mitochondria, mitosomes or hydrogenosomes

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18
Q

Example of predatory single celled eukaryote

A

Paramecium

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19
Q

Under representation of eukaryotic diversity in WGS studies leads to poor understanding

A

Some species dna has been examined less/more (bias towards economically important species, parasitic species, species easier to culture, pathogens)

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20
Q

Phylogenetic success story

Pneumocystis

A

Originally through to be a protozoan but reclassified as a fungus in 1988

Antifungal agents successfully treat it

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21
Q

Pneumocystis

A

Opportunistic pathogen causing pneumonia in immunocompromised patients

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22
Q

Phylogenetic success story

Phytophthora

A

Originally thought to be a fungus but molecular data showed it was a stramenopile which explained why fungicides were ineffective and helped us understand reasons for its speed to become resistant

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23
Q

Phytophthora

A

Cause of potato blight

24
Q

What unicellular lineages are lost closely related to animals ?

A

Choanoflagellates

Filasterea and Ichtyosporea are also closely related

25
Estimate for how many times multicellularity independently evolved?
16 - 22 times
26
What are pseudopodia
Temporary projections of the plasma membrane
27
How do pseudopodia extend and contract?
Reversible assembly of actin sub units into micro filaments
28
Do Rhizaria or Amoebae have more threadlike pseudopodia?
Rhizaria
29
Uses of pseudopodia
Phagocytosis (sensing and engulfing)
30
Three types of locomotion
Pseudopodia Flagella Cilia
31
Are flagellates or ciliates faster?
Ciliates
32
Explain cilia movement
Move like oars with alternating power and recovery strokes ‘wave’ like motion Generate force perpendicular to cilias axis Synchronized beats
33
Explain movement in gliding locomotion
Translocations of surface adhesions from apical pole to posterior pole
34
In gliding movement what powers the translocation of surface adhesions
Actomyosin system underlying plasma membrane
35
What machinery helps cells glide
Glideosome (substrate dependent)
36
What are flagella organisms associated with?
Having their own metabolism
37
How do flagellates divide?
In a longitudinal plane
38
How do ciliates divide?
In an equatorial transverse plane | Maintaining correct number of cilia (Replication of cytosine then cytoplasm division)
39
What is a cytosome
Part of a cell specialised for phagocytosis
40
How do amoebas divide?
No fixed plane of division - just round up and divide into two halves
41
Type of asexual reproduction favoured by parasites
Endodyogeny
42
Endodyogeny
Two daughter cells develop within mother cell which is consumed by the offspring upon their maturation (mother cell eaten by daughters??)
43
Schizogony
Occurs in some Protozoa After a varying number of nuclear divisions the cell divides into a number of daughter cells (MULTIPLE FISSION)
44
Endopolygeny
Division into several organisms at once by internal budding
45
How do ciliates undergo sexual reproduction
Conjugation
46
Gametogony
Formation of gametes during sexual stage of life cycle in certain protozoans
47
Sporogony
Asexual process of spore formation in parasitic sporozoans
48
Euglena gracious
- example of species in Excavata superphylum - has a flagella, natural tolerance to acidic conditions, unique reserve of carb Paramylon for carbon source when there’s low carbon conditions
49
Inching locomotion name
Metaboly
50
Pellicle
Flexible coats that allows cell to change shape
51
Benefit of euglena gracilis
Bio products - fuels, biomedicine
52
Paramecium
- example of species in alveolata superphylum | - heterotrophs feeding on bacteria, have cilia
53
What causes giardiasis disease?
Giardia intestinalis (excavata)
54
What have parasites had a major impact on?
Livestock and animals
55
Example of parasite affect on livestock
Trypanosoma brucei in cattle Transmitted by tsetse fly in areas of Africa
56
Key point summary
All prokaryotes are unicellular BUT eukaryotes can be both multicellular AND unicellular Unicellular eukaryotes are less well understood and defined Important eukaryotic inventions such as locomotion, reproduction and gene transfer etc influence biology of organisms Number of eukaryotic cells have evolved to be parasitic

Oxford - Diversity Of life (39 decks)

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