Arthropod III

Question 1

How many times have wings evolved in insects?

Answer 1

Once

Question 2

How many pairs of wings in adult pterygota?

Answer 2

Two pairs of wings

Question 3

What are wing pads?

Answer 3

Flattened structures on the bodies of nymphs that form wings in adult insects

Question 4

What is a nymph?

Answer 4

A sexually immature form which is usually similar to the adult (found in insects such as grasshoppers and cockroaches)

Question 5

What kind of termite doesn’t have wings?

Answer 5

Workers

Question 6

Give an example of something that has loss wings

Answer 6

Parasitic lice

Question 7

What are the two theories for the origin of insect wings?

Answer 7

Paranotal theory

Endite-exite theory

Question 8

Paranotal theory of insect wing origin

Answer 8

Wings originated from outgrowths of nota

Question 9

What is the nota (insect anatomy)

Answer 9

Notum is the dorsal portion of an insects thoracic segment

Question 10

Endite-exite theory of insect wing origin

Answer 10

Wings originated from exites of primitive leg segments

Question 11

What is an exite (insect anatomy)

Answer 11

X

Question 12

What is the cycle of powered flight?

Answer 12

Power stroke (down and forward)

Recovery stroke (up and backward)/

Question 13

What is the leading edge

Answer 13

Edge of the wing towards the front of the insect

Question 14

Which part of the wing is made of cuticle?

Answer 14

Wing veins made of cuticle to strengthen them

Question 15

How many times has powered flight appeared in the history of life?

Answer 15

Four times

Question 16

What order did these lads evolve

Bats
Birds
Pterosaurs
Insects

Answer 16

Insects
Pterosaurs
Birds
Bats

Question 17

What are direct flight muscles?

Answer 17

Flight muscles attached directly to the wing

Question 18

Which insects have direct flight muscles?

Answer 18

In the paleoptera

Dragonflies and mayflies

Question 19

What do antagonistic muscles do?

Answer 19

Contract to give cyclic movement

Question 20

What do anterior and posterior direct muscles control?

Answer 20

Forward and backward movement

Question 21

What do elevator muscles do?

Answer 21

Pull the wings up

Question 22

What do depressor muscles do?

Answer 22

Pull the wings down

Question 23

Indirect flight muscles

Answer 23

Muscles not directly attached to the wing

Move wings indirectly by changing confirmation of the thorax

Question 24

Indirect vertical flight muscles

Answer 24

Do the recovery stroke

• pull on roof of thorax
• wings rise
• thorax widens and lengthens (squishes)
• longitudinal muscle stretch

Question 25

Indirect longitudinal flight muscles

Answer 25

Do the power stroke - pull on anterior and posterior ends of thorax - wings lower - thorax shortens and narrows

Question 26

Which kind of muscle controls steering?

Answer 26

Direct muscles

Question 27

Likely evolutionary steps for wing formation

Answer 27

1. Gliding 2. Evolution of hinge, ve nation, muscle and respiration 3. Folding of wings 4. Asynchronous muscle

Question 28

What is asynchronous muscle

Answer 28

muscles in which there is no one-to-one relationship between electrical stimulation and mechanical contraction. (Contract multiple times from a single nervous impulse)

Question 29

What are synchronous muscles XX

Answer 29

X

Question 30

Why did asynchronous muscle evolve?

Answer 30

To increase wing beat frequency To allow a decrease in body size

Question 31

Advantages of flight and wings

Answer 31

1. Mobility 2. Dispersal 3. Predator avoidance

Question 32

What is powered flight a reason for?

Answer 32

Reason for the huge diversity and abundance of insects

Question 33

Ametaboly

Answer 33

No metamorphosis; the immature form is like a miniature version of the adult

Question 34

Hemimetaboly

Answer 34

Incomplete metamorphosis Immature version is a nymph which is miniature version of the adult but wingless Wings appear in late nymphs after moulting

Question 35

Holometaboly

Answer 35

Complete metamorphosis Immature form is very different from adult (larva) Larva transforms into pupa and winged adult emerges form pupa

Question 36

What percentages of species are holometaboly?

Answer 36

83%

Question 37

What are the pterygota?

Answer 37

A subclass of insects that includes winged insects and secondarily wingless insects

Question 38

In holometaboly what is the adult form known as?

Answer 38

Imago

Question 39

How is holometabolous development controlled?

Answer 39

Hormonally

Question 40

Imaginal discs

Answer 40

Sac like epithelial structure which is inside the larvae of insects that are undergoing metamorphosis

Question 41

What is an important advantage of holometabolous development

Answer 41

Larvae and adults are ecologically different - so they have specialised niches - and therefore resource partitioning - which means less competition between the different life stages (eg. Adult and larvae)

Question 42

What is diapause

Answer 42

State of arrested development of an insect (can pause depending on environment)

Question 43

4 advantages of holometabolous development

Answer 43

1. Larvae and adults are ecologically different so less competition between different life stages 2. Gives mechanism to control the speed of development 3. Diapause allows insects to pause development depending on environment 4. Allows parasitoidism to occur (larvae form live on host)

Question 44

Example of what species holometaboly allows parasitoidism to occur in?

Answer 44

Four families of wasps and flies

Question 45

Ovipositor

Answer 45

Tube like organ used by wasps to lay eggs

Question 46

Hyperparasitoids

Answer 46

Parasitoids that lay their eggs in other parasitoids

Question 47

Most important method for controlling insect populations?

Answer 47

Parasitoids

Question 48

How many Hexapoda to parasitoids?

Answer 48

Thought that every hexapod has its own parasitoid

Question 49

8 reasons for arthropod success XXX

Answer 49

1. Wings 2. Holometabolous development 3. Adaptions for terrestrial existence 4. Co-evolution with flowering plants 5. Eusociality 6. Arthropod general body plan and features 7. Tagmosis and fusion/loss of body segments 8. Specialisation of segmental appendages

Question 50

How have adaptions for terrestrial existence made insects successful?

Answer 50

- waxy cuticle prevents dessiccation - trachea and spiracles limit water loss - hyperosmotic excreta mean they use less water than they excrete -

Question 51

How to define arthropod ‘success’

Answer 51

- clade longevity - abundance (number of individuals) - diversity (number of species) - distribution of species - dominance and impact on ecosystem