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Oxford - Diversity Of life > Arthropod III > Flashcards

Arthropod III Flashcards

1
Q

How many times have wings evolved in insects?

A

Once

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2
Q

How many pairs of wings in adult pterygota?

A

Two pairs of wings

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3
Q

What are wing pads?

A

Flattened structures on the bodies of nymphs that form wings in adult insects

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4
Q

What is a nymph?

A

A sexually immature form which is usually similar to the adult (found in insects such as grasshoppers and cockroaches)

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5
Q

What kind of termite doesn’t have wings?

A

Workers

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6
Q

Give an example of something that has loss wings

A

Parasitic lice

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7
Q

What are the two theories for the origin of insect wings?

A

Paranotal theory

Endite-exite theory

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8
Q

Paranotal theory of insect wing origin

A

Wings originated from outgrowths of nota

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9
Q

What is the nota (insect anatomy)

A

Notum is the dorsal portion of an insects thoracic segment

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10
Q

Endite-exite theory of insect wing origin

A

Wings originated from exites of primitive leg segments

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11
Q

What is an exite (insect anatomy)

A

X

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12
Q

What is the cycle of powered flight?

A

Power stroke (down and forward)

Recovery stroke (up and backward)/

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13
Q

What is the leading edge

A

Edge of the wing towards the front of the insect

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14
Q

Which part of the wing is made of cuticle?

A

Wing veins made of cuticle to strengthen them

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15
Q

How many times has powered flight appeared in the history of life?

A

Four times

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16
Q

What order did these lads evolve

Bats
Birds
Pterosaurs
Insects

A

Insects
Pterosaurs
Birds
Bats

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17
Q

What are direct flight muscles?

A

Flight muscles attached directly to the wing

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18
Q

Which insects have direct flight muscles?

A

In the paleoptera

Dragonflies and mayflies

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19
Q

What do antagonistic muscles do?

A

Contract to give cyclic movement

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20
Q

What do anterior and posterior direct muscles control?

A

Forward and backward movement

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21
Q

What do elevator muscles do?

A

Pull the wings up

22
Q

What do depressor muscles do?

A

Pull the wings down

23
Q

Indirect flight muscles

A

Muscles not directly attached to the wing

Move wings indirectly by changing confirmation of the thorax

24
Q

Indirect vertical flight muscles

A

Do the recovery stroke

  • pull on roof of thorax
  • wings rise
  • thorax widens and lengthens (squishes)
  • longitudinal muscle stretch
25
Q

Indirect longitudinal flight muscles

A

Do the power stroke

  • pull on anterior and posterior ends of thorax
  • wings lower
  • thorax shortens and narrows
26
Q

Which kind of muscle controls steering?

A

Direct muscles

27
Q

Likely evolutionary steps for wing formation

A
  1. Gliding
  2. Evolution of hinge, ve nation, muscle and respiration
  3. Folding of wings
  4. Asynchronous muscle
28
Q

What is asynchronous muscle

A

muscles in which there is no one-to-one relationship between electrical stimulation and mechanical contraction.

(Contract multiple times from a single nervous impulse)

29
Q

What are synchronous muscles XX

A

X

30
Q

Why did asynchronous muscle evolve?

A

To increase wing beat frequency

To allow a decrease in body size

31
Q

Advantages of flight and wings

A
  1. Mobility
  2. Dispersal
  3. Predator avoidance
32
Q

What is powered flight a reason for?

A

Reason for the huge diversity and abundance of insects

33
Q

Ametaboly

A

No metamorphosis; the immature form is like a miniature version of the adult

34
Q

Hemimetaboly

A

Incomplete metamorphosis

Immature version is a nymph which is miniature version of the adult but wingless

Wings appear in late nymphs after moulting

35
Q

Holometaboly

A

Complete metamorphosis

Immature form is very different from adult (larva)

Larva transforms into pupa and winged adult emerges form pupa

36
Q

What percentages of species are holometaboly?

A

83%

37
Q

What are the pterygota?

A

A subclass of insects that includes winged insects and secondarily wingless insects

38
Q

In holometaboly what is the adult form known as?

A

Imago

39
Q

How is holometabolous development controlled?

A

Hormonally

40
Q

Imaginal discs

A

Sac like epithelial structure which is inside the larvae of insects that are undergoing metamorphosis

41
Q

What is an important advantage of holometabolous development

A

Larvae and adults are ecologically different

  • so they have specialised niches
  • and therefore resource partitioning
  • which means less competition between the different life stages (eg. Adult and larvae)
42
Q

What is diapause

A

State of arrested development of an insect (can pause depending on environment)

43
Q

4 advantages of holometabolous development

A
  1. Larvae and adults are ecologically different so less competition between different life stages
  2. Gives mechanism to control the speed of development
  3. Diapause allows insects to pause development depending on environment
  4. Allows parasitoidism to occur (larvae form live on host)
44
Q

Example of what species holometaboly allows parasitoidism to occur in?

A

Four families of wasps and flies

45
Q

Ovipositor

A

Tube like organ used by wasps to lay eggs

46
Q

Hyperparasitoids

A

Parasitoids that lay their eggs in other parasitoids

47
Q

Most important method for controlling insect populations?

A

Parasitoids

48
Q

How many Hexapoda to parasitoids?

A

Thought that every hexapod has its own parasitoid

49
Q

8 reasons for arthropod success

XXX

A
  1. Wings
  2. Holometabolous development
  3. Adaptions for terrestrial existence
  4. Co-evolution with flowering plants
  5. Eusociality
  6. Arthropod general body plan and features
  7. Tagmosis and fusion/loss of body segments
  8. Specialisation of segmental appendages
50
Q

How have adaptions for terrestrial existence made insects successful?

A
  • waxy cuticle prevents dessiccation
  • trachea and spiracles limit water loss
  • ## hyperosmotic excreta mean they use less water than they excrete
51
Q

How to define arthropod ‘success’

A
  • clade longevity
  • abundance (number of individuals)
  • diversity (number of species)
  • distribution of species
  • dominance and impact on ecosystem

Oxford - Diversity Of life (39 decks)

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