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Oxford - Diversity Of life > The Social Microbe I > Flashcards

The Social Microbe I Flashcards

1
Q

X

A

Pasteur and the germ theory

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2
Q

Sub surface origin hypothesis

A

Life originated at hydrothermal vents on ocean floors where the conditions were less hostile and more stable

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3
Q

What was the energy supply at hydrothermal vents?

Sub surface origin hypothesis

A

Supply of energy (reduced inorganic compounds - hydrogen and hydrogen sulphide)

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4
Q

What changed about Cyanobacteria’s metabolism that led to the great oxidation event?

A

Cyanobacteria used water instead of H2S to generate oxygen (oxygenic photosynthesis)

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5
Q

Why could the oxygen produced by Cyanobacteria not accumulate in the atmosphere?

A

It reacted spontaneously with reduced iron minerals to make iron oxides

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6
Q

How did the ozone layer appear?

A

Once all the iron was oxidised, oxygen could accumulate in the atmosphere

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7
Q

Define chemolithotroph

A

Organisms that obtain energy by oxidising inorganic compounds

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8
Q

Origin of eukaryotes (first event)

A

Endosymbiosis of a prokaryotic capable of aerobic respiration = led to mitochondria

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9
Q

Origin of eukaryotes (second event)

A

Endosymbiosis of cyanobacteria-like cell = led to photosynthesis

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10
Q

Who first noticed similarities between the bacteria and mitochondria ?

A

K. Mereschkovsky

1910

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11
Q

Evidence for endosymbiosis theory (8)

A

Mitochondria has its own DNA

Circular DNA

Double membrane suggests it was engulfed

Similar size to a bacteria

Mitochondria, bacteria and chloroplasts all have N-formal-methionine as the initiator amino acid

Antibiotic Rifampicin inhibits RNA polymerase action in bacteria and mitochondria but not in eukaryotic cells

Chloramphenicol inhibits protein synthesis in mitochondria, chloroplasts and prokaryotes but not in eukaryotes

Prokaryotes, mitochondria and chloroplasts all similarly have small ribosomes ranging from 60S - 75S.

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12
Q

Outer mitochondrial membrane

A

Protein-based pores which allow the passage of ions and molecules

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13
Q

Inner mitochondrial membrane

A

Loaded with proteins involved in electron transport and ATP synthesis

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14
Q

What is the initiator amino acid in mitochondria, chloroplasts and bacteria?

A

N-formyl-methionine

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15
Q

Define endocytosis

A

Cell Internalising material by invagination of its membrane to form a vesicle containing the material

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16
Q

Three types of endocytosis

A
  1. Phagocytosis
  2. Pinocytosis
  3. Receptor mediated endocytosis
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17
Q

Phagocytosis

A

Intake of solid material or food particles

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18
Q

Pinocytosis

A

Intake of mater dissolved in fluid

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19
Q

Receptor mediated endocytosis

A

Intake of molecules based on their interaction with receptors on cell surface

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20
Q

How are the stages of bacterial host adaption evidence for endosymbiosis theory

A

Self sufficient DNA, then it’s reduced because it loses genes it doesn’t need anymore once it’s in the host, eventually DNA becomes minimal.

= can see how mitochondrial DNA came to be (it’s an extreme stage obligate intracellular organelle)

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21
Q

Name an energy yielding organelle (alternative to a mitochondria)

A

Hydrogenosome

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22
Q

What are hydrogenosomes thought to have evolved from?

A

Mitochondria

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23
Q

How do hydrogenosomea generate energy?

A

Partial oxidation of pyruvate to acetate

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24
Q

Structure of hydrogenosomes

A

Double membrane
Contain own DNA
Circular

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25
Q

Define microaerophilic

A

(of a microorganism) requiring little free oxygen, or oxygen at a lower partial pressure

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26
Q

What are mitosomes?

A

Small organelles found in some anaerobic/microaerophilic organisms

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27
Q

What are mitosomes like

A

Reduced mitochondria lacking ETC and kerbs cycle proteins etc

Lack their own DNA

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28
Q

Name a rare eukaryote that doesn’t contain a mitochondria

A

Monocercomonoides

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29
Q

How did monocercomonoides evolve to not have a mitochondria?

A

Lateral gene transfer of sulfure genes so changed metabolism to bacterial sulfur mobilisation pathway do didn’t need mitochondria for energy

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30
Q

Eukaryotic cell as a genetic chimera

A

Contains:

Mitochondria from one bacterium

Chloroplasts from another bacterium

Prokaryotic symbiont will have passed some of its DNA to the host

Eukaryotic cells share some archaea molecular features of transcription and translation

Eukaryotic cells share ester linked membrane lipids and glycolysis pathway with bacteria

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31
Q

What is a diatom

A

Microscopic algae that has relationship with bacteria (proteobacteria and bacteriadetes)

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32
Q

Metabolic interactions between diatom and bacteria (3)

A

Parasitism (some bacteria secrete proteases that break down diatom membrane)
synergism (diatom get B12 from bacteria, diatom provides bacteria with dissolved organic matter)
Competition (in nutrient deficient environments)

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33
Q

Define synergism

A

Combined interaction producing effect greater than effect of separate things

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34
Q

Acanthomoeba

A

Free living amoeba that are important predators of microbial communities.

Contain obligate intracellulaire bacterial symbionts

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35
Q

Prokaryotic partnerships example

A

Tremblaya endosymbiosis

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36
Q

Secondary symbiosis

A

A living cell engulfs another eukaryotic cell (red or green alga) that has already undergone primary endosymbiosis

37
Q

Secondary symbiosis example

A

Unrelated groups of nonphototrophic microbial eukaryotes acquired chloroplasts by engulfing eukaryotes already containing chloroplast

38
Q

Primary endosymbiosis examples

A

Mitochondria, chloroplasts, hydrogenosomes being endocytosed

39
Q

Serial endosymbiosis hypothesis

A

Eukaryotes already had a nucleus when they split from archaea. They then acquired mitochondria and chloroplasts by endosymbiosis.
Then there was LGT of genes from these endosymbiosis the the nuclear genome

Bacteria and eukarya have similar membrane lipids so this hypothesis doesn’t work. ( because if they have similar lipids then bacteria and eukarya should be more closely related but instead it’s eukarya branching from archaea)

40
Q

Symbiogenesis (hydrogen) hypothesis

A

Symbiotic relationship between bacteria and archaea which resulted in the bacteria being engulfed to form a mitochondria

Hydrogen hypothesis = eukaryotic cell arose from bacteria and archaea association. Because hydrogen producing bacterial species associated with hydrogen consuming archaea species (metabolic syntrophy)

41
Q

X

A

X

42
Q

X

A

X

43
Q

Syntrophy

A

Interchangeable with symbiosis

44
Q

Where is evidence of the metabolic syntrophy of bacteria and archaea found?

A

Methanogenic reactor

Syntrophy colonies of bacteria intertwined with filamentous archea (ones producing H2, other is consuming it)

45
Q

X

A

X

46
Q

Mutualism

A

Symbiosis in which both species increase fitness

47
Q

Commensalism

A

Symbiosis where one partner increases fitness without affecting the other species

48
Q

Parasitism

A

Symbiosis where one species increases its fitness/benefits whist the other species’ fitness is adversely affected

49
Q

X

A

X

50
Q

Define disease

A

Infection that damages the host

51
Q

Define pathogenicity

A

Ability to cause disease

52
Q

Define virulence

A

Severity of the disease caused

53
Q

What is the mutualistic relationship of lichen between?

A

Fungi
Algae
Cyanobacteria

54
Q

Role of fungi in lichen symbiosis

A

Absorbs water and minerals from environment

55
Q

Role of algae or Cyanobacteria in lichen symbiosis

A

Use nutrients from photosynthesis and provide organic molecules

56
Q

Mutualistic plant and bacteria example

A

Rhizobium and legumes

57
Q

Role of bacterium in Rhizobium and plant symbiosis

A

Anaerobic nitrogen fixation in root nodule

58
Q

Role of plant in Rhizobium and plant symbiosis

A

Provides nutrition and low oxygen environment in root nodule

59
Q

4 stages of root nodule formation

A
  1. Rhizobia recognise and attach to root hair
  2. Rhizobia form infection thread and invade plant by travelling through it
  3. Bacteria change to bacteroids and packed root cells enlarge
  4. Enlarged root cells form a nodule
60
Q

What genus of bacteria are common symbionts in earthworms?

A

Verminephrobacter

61
Q

Worm bacteria X

A
  • beneficial for host reproduction

- reductive evolution of bacterial genome thought to be due to streamlining, not genome degradation

62
Q

Define streamlining

A

Theory that there is reproductive benefit to prokaryotes have a smaller genome size with less non coding DNA and fewer non essential genes

63
Q

Explain why verminephrobacter genome isn’t completely reduced/degraded

A

Because their extracellular lifestyle (points in life outside the worm) gives them scope for genetic mixing with our strains etc

Whereas in obligate intracellular symbionts that live in genetically isolated and stable environments have much less, mostly no scope for genetic mixing

64
Q

What genus do aphid symbionts belong to?

A

Buchnera

65
Q

What genus do ant symbionts belong to?

A

Blochmania

66
Q

What genus do tsetse fly symbionts belong to?

A

Wigglesworthia glossinidia brevipalpis

67
Q

What are the three categories of insect symbionts

A

Obligate mutualists
Facultative symbionts
Reproductive manipulators

68
Q

Define Obligate mutualists

A

Also called primary symbionts
Eg. Aphids have primary endosymbiosis in them
Species involved are in close proximity and can’t survive without one another

69
Q

Define facultative symbionts

A

Also called secondary symbionts
Not required for host reproduction, invade various cell types or reproductive organs, can be introduced to previously uninflected hosts

70
Q

Define reproductive manipulators

A

Parasites that spread by increasing host reproduction through their daughters at the expense of reproduction through their sons

71
Q

What type of mutualists
are buchnera?

Explain

A

Obligate mutualists

Without buchnera, aphids die. (Bunchnera also can’t exist without aphids)

72
Q

Explain the metabolic interdependence of aphids and buchnera?

A

Aphid: supplies energy, carbon, nitrogen

Buchnera: production of amino acids particularly tryptophan

73
Q

Define bacteriocytes

A

Specialised cell, intracellularly located, in which the bacteria are inside

74
Q

What are primary insect bacterial symbionts believed to be descended from (according to genome sequences)

A

Ancestral gamma proteobacterium (eg. E. Coli are an ancestor of buchnera - buchnera just has an incredibly reduced genome)

75
Q

Example of facultative symbiont

A

Woolbachia

76
Q

What is woolbachia in symbiosis with

A

Worm host (Brugia malayi)

77
Q

What four distinct reproductive phenotypes can woolbachia cause?

A
  1. Feminisation
  2. Parthenogenesis
  3. Male killing
  4. Cytoplasmic incompatibility
78
Q

Define feminisation (reproductive phenotype caused by woolbachia)

A

Results in genetic males that develop as females

79
Q

Define Parthenogenesis (reproductive phenotype caused by woolbachia)

A

No male offspring produced if infected with woolbachia

80
Q

Define male killing (reproductive phenotype caused by woolbachia)

A

Eliminates infected males whilst females survive

81
Q

Define cytoplasmic incompatibility (reproductive phenotype caused by woolbachia)

A

Infected males cannot successfully mate with females unless they have the same woolbachia type

(Reproductive manipulator)

82
Q

What’s a use of woolbachia?

A

Vector control of mosquitoes

83
Q

X

A

X see slide for three scenarios

84
Q

Bacteria are predisposed to particular relationships with their hosts

A

X

85
Q

What do termites digest and how

A

Lignocellulose (wood)

Done by symbiotic bacteria within them

86
Q

Symbiosis in ruminants digestive system

A

Anaerobic bacteria in the rumen break down cellulose

87
Q

Vibrio Fischeri

Hawaiian bobtail squid

A

Bacteria provide light

Squid provides amino acids and sugars but gets rid of bacteria in the day when it doesn’t need them

88
Q

General things that bacteria and goats often provide each other

A

Bacteria provide metabolic capacity

Host provided precursors and homeostasis

Oxford - Diversity Of life (39 decks)

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