Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Oxford - Diversity Of life > The Microbial World And The Tree Of Life > Flashcards

The Microbial World And The Tree Of Life Flashcards

1
Q

What has heavily influenced the evolution and survival of plants and animals?

A

Microbial symbioses, microbial activities, pathogens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

When did prokaryotes evolve?

A

3.5 to 3.8 billion years ago

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Define a stromatolite

A

Layered sedimentary formations created mainly by photosynthetic microorganisms such as Cyanobacteria, sulfate reducing bacteria and proteobacteria.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is fossil evidence of microbial life?

A

Stromatolites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

When do the oldest stromatolites date back to?

A

3.4 - 3.5 billion years ago

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

4 impacts of microorganisms on human society

A
  1. Microbes and disease
  2. Microbes and agriculture
  3. Microbes and food
  4. Microbes and industry
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Microbes and food

A

spoilage/fermentation to make cheese, yoghurt, bread and beer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Microbes and disease

A

aids understanding of disease and therefore public health and sanitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Microbes and agriculture

A

leguminous plants and nitrogen fixation, microorganisms in the human intestinal tract and the rumen of cattle

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Microbes and industry

A

Problems if grown as a biofilm

Useful if grown in large quantities to make antibiotics, enzymes and chemicals

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Confusion over 5 or 6 kingdoms, what could we say is a 6th kingdom itself?

A

Archaea

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the five kingdoms ?

A

Animal, plant, fungi, protist, Monera (bacteria + archaea)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

First documented evidence of a magnifying glass like object

A

700BCE
Rock crystal disk with a convex shape
(The Assyrians Nimrud Lens)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What year did Leeuwenhoek observe single celled organisms?

A

1674

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

When was the first TEM created?

A

1931

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

ETEM

A

2009

In situ atomic resolution Environmental TEM

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Evolution of described kingdoms

A

1735 - Linnaeus - Vegetabilia and Animalia (VA)

1866 - Haeckel - Protista, Animalia and Plantae (PAP)

1937 - Chatton - Prokaryota and Eukaryota

1956 - Copeland - Monera, Protoctosta, Animalia, Plantae

1969 - Whittaker - Monera, Fungi, Protoctista, Animalia, Plantae

1977 - Woese et al - Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Fungi, Protoctista, Animalia, Plantae

1990 - Woese et al - Archaea, Eukarya

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What did Whittaker notice about classification of the kingdoms in 1969?

A

That fungi should be their own kingdom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Who proposed the three domain tree of life and what was it based on?

A

Woese et al
Bacteria, archaea, eukarya
Sequencing of the 16s rRNA

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Why was 16s rRNA used?

A

Short

Highly conserved

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Why is rRNA highly conserved?

A

It forms a ribosome so any deleterious mutations would affect protein synthesis so it would be disconserved (but the good form is conserved)

22
Q

What does the eubacteria (bacteria) kingdom include?

A

Major forms of bacteria and Cyanobacteria

23
Q

What does archaea kingdom include?

A

Unicellular with cell walls made from different molecules to eubacteria

24
Q

What does the eukarya kingdom include?

A

Some unicellular organisms (slime molds, ciliates and trypanosomes)

Three multicellular groups: fungi, plants and animals

25
What are archaea?
Unicellular prokaryotes and oldest living organisms on earth
26
What were archaea originally thought to be?
Bacteria | So they were name archaebacteria ( meaning ancient bacteria)
27
What are the four major archaea phyla?
Phylum euryarchaeota Phylum Crenarchaeota Phylum Nanoarchaeota Phylum korarchaeota
28
Archaea - Phylum euryarchaeota
Most studied group, includes methanogens and halophiles
29
Archaea - Phylum Crenarchaeota
- marine environments - members play a rol in carbon fixation - some members are sulfur dependent extremophiles - some are thermophilic or hyperthermophilic
30
Archaea - Phylum Nanoarchaeota
This group currently contains only one species: Nanoarchaeum equitans.
31
Archaea - Phylum Korarchaeota
- consists of hyperthermophiles found in high temperature hydrothermal environments
32
What is different about archaea?
They have ether linkages in their cell membrane
33
X
Archaea lipids lack fatty acids and have isoprenes instead Major lipid are glycerol furthers and tetraethers Archaea cell membrane can exist as lipid mono layers, bilayer a or a mixture
34
Are archaea more closely related to bacteria or eukaryota?
Archaea are MORE CLOSELY RELATED TO eukaryota
35
5 Similarities between archaea and eukarya
1. MET is initiator AA in protein synthesis 2. Lack peptidoglycan in cell wall 3. Growth not inhibited by streptomycin and chloraphenicol 4. Histones associated with DNA 5. Contains several types of RNA polymerase
36
What are TACK archaea?
Group of archaea species that share genes with eukaryotes
37
What is the endosymbiosis hypothesis?
Mitochondria and chloroplasts are prokaryotes which survived endocytosis
38
Results of gram staining
Pink - gram negative (less peptidoglycan) | Purple - gram positive (as much as 90% cell wall is peptidoglycan)
39
Monotrichous
Single flagellum at one pole
40
Amphitrichous
Single flagellum at each pole
41
Lophotrichous
Tuft of flagella at single pole
42
Peritrichous
Flagella all over surface
43
How are bacteria and archaea cell walls different?
Bacteria have peptidoglycan, archaea do not
44
What might archaea cell walls contain
Pseudopeptidoglycan, polysaccharides, glycoproteins, protein based cell walls
45
How do bacterial and archaea cell walls differ in lipid composition?
``` Archaea = phytanyl units are linked to glycerol Bacteria = fatty acids are linked to glycerol ``` Some archaea membranes are lipid mono layers instead of bilayers
46
What are Protists?
Single celled eukaryotic microorganisms
47
What is fungi?
Eukaryotic - multicellular Yeast = unicellular
48
Fungi nuclei are typically what?
Haploid
49
Heterotroph + example
Organisms that can’t produce its own food so takes nutrients from other carbon sources such as plant or animal matter Eg. Fungi
50
Summary
Microbes are everywhere and have had and continue to have an impact on our lives Once told available to see them we were able to classify them Multiple classification schemes but not until molecular gene sequencing etc that we could robustly define these Bang to unravel differences between eukaryota, bacteria and archaea

Oxford - Diversity Of life (39 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions