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Oxford - Diversity Of life > The Microbial World And The Tree Of Life > Flashcards

The Microbial World And The Tree Of Life Flashcards

1
Q

What has heavily influenced the evolution and survival of plants and animals?

A

Microbial symbioses, microbial activities, pathogens

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2
Q

When did prokaryotes evolve?

A

3.5 to 3.8 billion years ago

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3
Q

Define a stromatolite

A

Layered sedimentary formations created mainly by photosynthetic microorganisms such as Cyanobacteria, sulfate reducing bacteria and proteobacteria.

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4
Q

What is fossil evidence of microbial life?

A

Stromatolites

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5
Q

When do the oldest stromatolites date back to?

A

3.4 - 3.5 billion years ago

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6
Q

4 impacts of microorganisms on human society

A
  1. Microbes and disease
  2. Microbes and agriculture
  3. Microbes and food
  4. Microbes and industry
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7
Q

Microbes and food

A

spoilage/fermentation to make cheese, yoghurt, bread and beer

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8
Q

Microbes and disease

A

aids understanding of disease and therefore public health and sanitation

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9
Q

Microbes and agriculture

A

leguminous plants and nitrogen fixation, microorganisms in the human intestinal tract and the rumen of cattle

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10
Q

Microbes and industry

A

Problems if grown as a biofilm

Useful if grown in large quantities to make antibiotics, enzymes and chemicals

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11
Q

Confusion over 5 or 6 kingdoms, what could we say is a 6th kingdom itself?

A

Archaea

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12
Q

What are the five kingdoms ?

A

Animal, plant, fungi, protist, Monera (bacteria + archaea)

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13
Q

First documented evidence of a magnifying glass like object

A

700BCE
Rock crystal disk with a convex shape
(The Assyrians Nimrud Lens)

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14
Q

What year did Leeuwenhoek observe single celled organisms?

A

1674

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15
Q

When was the first TEM created?

A

1931

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16
Q

ETEM

A

2009

In situ atomic resolution Environmental TEM

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17
Q

Evolution of described kingdoms

A

1735 - Linnaeus - Vegetabilia and Animalia (VA)

1866 - Haeckel - Protista, Animalia and Plantae (PAP)

1937 - Chatton - Prokaryota and Eukaryota

1956 - Copeland - Monera, Protoctosta, Animalia, Plantae

1969 - Whittaker - Monera, Fungi, Protoctista, Animalia, Plantae

1977 - Woese et al - Eubacteria, Archaebacteria, Fungi, Protoctista, Animalia, Plantae

1990 - Woese et al - Archaea, Eukarya

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18
Q

What did Whittaker notice about classification of the kingdoms in 1969?

A

That fungi should be their own kingdom

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19
Q

Who proposed the three domain tree of life and what was it based on?

A

Woese et al
Bacteria, archaea, eukarya
Sequencing of the 16s rRNA

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20
Q

Why was 16s rRNA used?

A

Short

Highly conserved

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21
Q

Why is rRNA highly conserved?

A

It forms a ribosome so any deleterious mutations would affect protein synthesis so it would be disconserved (but the good form is conserved)

22
Q

What does the eubacteria (bacteria) kingdom include?

A

Major forms of bacteria and Cyanobacteria

23
Q

What does archaea kingdom include?

A

Unicellular with cell walls made from different molecules to eubacteria

24
Q

What does the eukarya kingdom include?

A

Some unicellular organisms (slime molds, ciliates and trypanosomes)

Three multicellular groups: fungi, plants and animals

25
Q

What are archaea?

A

Unicellular prokaryotes and oldest living organisms on earth

26
Q

What were archaea originally thought to be?

A

Bacteria

So they were name archaebacteria ( meaning ancient bacteria)

27
Q

What are the four major archaea phyla?

A

Phylum euryarchaeota

Phylum Crenarchaeota

Phylum Nanoarchaeota

Phylum korarchaeota

28
Q

Archaea - Phylum euryarchaeota

A

Most studied group, includes methanogens and halophiles

29
Q

Archaea - Phylum Crenarchaeota

A
  • marine environments
  • members play a rol in carbon fixation
  • some members are sulfur dependent extremophiles
  • some are thermophilic or hyperthermophilic
30
Q

Archaea - Phylum Nanoarchaeota

A

This group currently contains only one species: Nanoarchaeum equitans.

31
Q

Archaea - Phylum Korarchaeota

A
  • consists of hyperthermophiles found in high temperature hydrothermal environments
32
Q

What is different about archaea?

A

They have ether linkages in their cell membrane

33
Q

X

A

Archaea lipids lack fatty acids and have isoprenes instead

Major lipid are glycerol furthers and tetraethers

Archaea cell membrane can exist as lipid mono layers, bilayer a or a mixture

34
Q

Are archaea more closely related to bacteria or eukaryota?

A

Archaea are MORE CLOSELY RELATED TO eukaryota

35
Q

5 Similarities between archaea and eukarya

A
  1. MET is initiator AA in protein synthesis
  2. Lack peptidoglycan in cell wall
  3. Growth not inhibited by streptomycin and chloraphenicol
  4. Histones associated with DNA
  5. Contains several types of RNA polymerase
36
Q

What are TACK archaea?

A

Group of archaea species that share genes with eukaryotes

37
Q

What is the endosymbiosis hypothesis?

A

Mitochondria and chloroplasts are prokaryotes which survived endocytosis

38
Q

Results of gram staining

A

Pink - gram negative (less peptidoglycan)

Purple - gram positive (as much as 90% cell wall is peptidoglycan)

39
Q

Monotrichous

A

Single flagellum at one pole

40
Q

Amphitrichous

A

Single flagellum at each pole

41
Q

Lophotrichous

A

Tuft of flagella at single pole

42
Q

Peritrichous

A

Flagella all over surface

43
Q

How are bacteria and archaea cell walls different?

A

Bacteria have peptidoglycan, archaea do not

44
Q

What might archaea cell walls contain

A

Pseudopeptidoglycan, polysaccharides, glycoproteins, protein based cell walls

45
Q

How do bacterial and archaea cell walls differ in lipid composition?

A 
Archaea = phytanyl units are linked to glycerol
Bacteria = fatty acids are linked to glycerol

Some archaea membranes are lipid mono layers instead of bilayers

46
Q

What are Protists?

A

Single celled eukaryotic microorganisms

47
Q

What is fungi?

A

Eukaryotic - multicellular

Yeast = unicellular

48
Q

Fungi nuclei are typically what?

A

Haploid

49
Q

Heterotroph + example

A

Organisms that can’t produce its own food so takes nutrients from other carbon sources such as plant or animal matter

Eg. Fungi

50
Q

Summary

A

Microbes are everywhere and have had and continue to have an impact on our lives

Once told available to see them we were able to classify them

Multiple classification schemes but not until molecular gene sequencing etc that we could robustly define these

Bang to unravel differences between eukaryota, bacteria and archaea

Oxford - Diversity Of life (39 decks)

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