Venereal Diseases of Bovine and Equine Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 3 commonly transmitted bovine venereal diseases

A
  • trichomoniasis
  • campylobacteriosis
  • ureaplasmosis
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2
Q

what are the 6 venereally transmitted equine diseases

A

1) equine coital exanthema (EHV-3)
2) equine viral arteritis
3) contagious equine metritis
4) pseudomonas
5) klebsiella
6) dourine (exotic to Canada)

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3
Q

all bovine venereal diseases cause (7)

A

1) infertility
2) low conception rate
3) low pregnancy check rate
4) sporadic abortions
5) long breeding season
6) long calving season
7) irregular cycle rate

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4
Q

Trichomoniasis
- what type of pathogen
- relative size
- type of membrane

A
  • flagellated protozoal parasite
  • size of an RBC
  • undulating
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5
Q

what are the carriers of trichomoniasis and are they asymptomatic or symptomatic

A

bulls; asymptomatic

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6
Q

what area does trichomoniasis colonize in bulls

A

penis and prepuce

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7
Q

how is trichomoniasis transmitted

A

bulls riding eachother; bull to cow to bull; AI equipment; semen

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8
Q

what are signs of trichomoniasis in COWS (6)

A
  • repeat breeders
  • irregular estrus (sign of EED)
  • post-breeding pyometra
  • vaginitis
  • endometritis
  • open
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9
Q

what is the prognosis for trichomoniasis in cows and in bulls

A
  • cows have a spontaneous recovery after 3 months
  • bulls are asymptomatic carriers and must be culled
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10
Q

how can trichomoniasis be controlled (2)

A
  • vaccination
  • use AI
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11
Q

what is another name for campylobacteriosis

A

vibriosis

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12
Q

Campylobacteriosis
- name of causative agent
- type of pathogen

A
  • campylobacter fetus spp. venerealis
  • gram negative, motile, extracellular, microaerophilic rod
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13
Q

what is the outcome of campylobacteriosis in:
- young bulls
- old bulls

A
  • young: will spread disease but then clear it and become free of infection
  • old bulls will become asymptomatic carriers
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14
Q

where does campylobacteriosis live in mature bulls

A

epithelial crypts of penis and prepuce

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15
Q

how is campylobacteriosis spread

A
  • bulls mounting other bulls
  • bull to cow (to bull)
  • infected AI equipment
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16
Q

what are the clinical signs of campylobacteriosis in cows (5)

A
  • repeat breeders
  • irregular estrus intervals (EED)
  • open cows
  • long breeding and calving seasons
  • salpingitis and endometritis
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17
Q

what is the prognosis for campylobacteriosis in:
- cows
- young bulls
- old bulls

A
  • cows: usually clear within 3-6 months and develop immunity
  • young bulls: develop immunity
  • old bulls: cull
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18
Q

how can we control campylobacteriosis

A
  • cull infected older bulls
  • use AI
  • vaccination
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19
Q

Ureaplasmosis:
- name of agent
- size
- cell wall or no cell wall
- types of strains

A
  • ureaplasmosis diversum
  • small
  • no cell wall
  • virulent and non-virulent
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20
Q

where is ureaplasmosis a normal inhabitant in:
- cows
- bulls

A
  • cows: vulva and vagina
  • bulls: distal urethra, prepuce and semen
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21
Q

what disease does ureaplasmosis cause

A

granular vulvitis

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22
Q

what are the clinical signs of granular vulvitis in cows (3)

A
  • inflammed and hyperemic vulva
  • discrete raised red granules
  • sticky, mucopurulent vulvar discharge
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23
Q

what happens if ureaplasmosis is introduced into the uterus

A
  • mild endometritis +/- salpingitis
  • EED due to these
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24
Q

besides granular vulvitis, what are other signs of ureaplasmosis in cows

A
  • repeat breeders
  • early embryonic death (normal estrus)
  • late embryonic death (long estrus)
  • abortions/placentitis
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25
Q

what are signs of ureaplasmosis in bulls

A

balanoposthitis

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26
Q

what is the prognosis of ureaplasmosis

A
  • recurrent so it depends on management
  • lives in semen, including frozen semen
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27
Q

what are ways to control ureaplasmosis

A

NO VACCINE
- AI with sheath or double rod technique
- infusion/douche with tetracycline

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28
Q

what is a distinguishing factor for trichomoniasis

A
  • post-breeding pyometra
29
Q

___, ____ and ______ are common amongst trichomoniasis and campylobacter

A

EED, endometritis, normal bull

30
Q

what is common amongst all 3 common veneral diseases of cows

A

EED

31
Q

what are distinguishing signs for ureaplasma

A

granular vulvitis, abortion, balanoposthitis

32
Q

how can you differentiate trich from campy

A

culture organism -> need to contact lab first because it requires specialized transport media

33
Q

what is the most reliable way to diagnose a venereal disease problem in a herd and how is it done

A

sample the prepuce of the bull (vs. sampling lots of cows); 3 consecutive tests 2 weeks apart

34
Q

if testing cows for veneral diseases where do we collect samples

A

anterior vagina and cervix

35
Q

how can we control and prevent trich and campy (5)

A

1) test and cull bulls
2) keep only young bulls
3) vaccinate
4) use AI
5) avoid group housing and sharing bulls

36
Q

T/F vaccination for trich and campy exists for prophylaxis and treatment but it has questionable efficacy

A

T

37
Q

what are the regulations for importation of bulls

A

all bulls over 24m or non-virgin bulls over 12m must have 3 negative, consecutive, weekly cultures or 1 negative PCR

38
Q

what are the signs of equine coital exanthema in the mare and what is the timeline

A

starts 5-7 days after mating; heals in 7-10 days

signs:
- vesicles on vulva, perineum, anus
- pustules
- loss of pigmentation after healing

39
Q

what are signs of equine coital exanthema in bulls

A
  • vesicles/pustules on penis and prepuce
  • may be reluctant to breed and delay the breeding season
40
Q

what is confirmatory of equine coital exanthema on histology

A

intranuclear inclusion bodies

41
Q

equine coital exanthema is caused by

A

EHV-3

42
Q

how is equine coital exanthema treated

A

it is self-limiting and does not impact fertility therefore only secondary infections require treatment (if they occur)

43
Q

what causes bacterial venereal endometritis in mares

A

Klebsiella and Pseudomonas

44
Q

what are the 2 manifestations of bacterial venereal endometritis

A

1) acute post-breeding endometritis (causes pregnancy loss)
2) chronic endometritis

45
Q

Are stallions are asymptomatic or symptomatic carriers of bacterial venereal endometritis

A

asymptomatic

46
Q

how is the transmission of bacterial venereal endometritis prevented

A

pre-breeding swab of the mare is done routinely

47
Q

how do you treat bacterial venereal endometritis

A

treat like acute endometritis:
- uterine lavage
- antibiotic

48
Q

what is the incubation period of equine venereal arteritis

A

3-8 days

49
Q

how is equine venereal arteritis transmitted

A

1) aerosol
2) venereal
3) contact with aborted fetus or membranes or fluids

50
Q

what virus causes equine venereal arteritis

A

equine arteritis virus (an arterivirus)

51
Q

what are the signs of equine venereal arteritis (7)

A

1) edema: ventral, distal limb, mammary, preputial/scrotal
2) urticaria
3) abortion
4) pneumonia in foals
5) conjunctivitis
6) nasal discharge
7) fever, depression, anorexia

52
Q

how long do mares shed equine venereal arteritis

A

3 weeks (21 days)

53
Q

what venereal disease resulted in a 2006 USA outbreak, due to chilled shipped AI of semen from 2 stallions with mild respiratory signs and fever

A

equine venereal arteritis

54
Q

equine venereal arteritis produces a ___________ in many stallions; resulting in persistent __________ in _____________

A

carrier state; shedding of virus; semen

55
Q

shedding of equine venereal arteritis in stallions is dependent on what hormone

A

testosterone

56
Q

how can we prevent/control equine venereal arteritis (3)

A
  • test all stallions
  • vaccinate mares prior to breeding
  • vaccinate stallions
57
Q

what is the causative agent of contagious equine metritis

A

taylorella equigenitalis

58
Q

what equine venereal disease is federally reportable in Canada

A

contagious equine metritis

59
Q

T/F stallions are asymptomatic when infected with contagious equine metritis

A

T

60
Q

what are the signs of contagious equine metritis in mares and how soon after mating do they start

A

1) copious vaginal discharge
2) acute endometritis
3) early return to estrus

start 2-10 days after breeding

61
Q

T/F both stallions and mares can be carriers of contagious equine metritis

A

T

62
Q

how is it that a mare might be infected with CEM but still able to carry a foal to term

A

she is an asymptomatic carrier with infection restricted to the caudal tract

63
Q

what is the differential diagnosis for CEM

A

BVE (Klebsiella and pseudomonas)

64
Q

how is CEM testing performed (4)

A
  • specific swabs in the clitoris, cervix or endometrium
  • swabs of urethra, urethral fossa or penile sheath in stallion
  • aimes charcoal media
  • on ice to lab within 48h
65
Q

how is diagnosis of CEM in carrier stallions commonly done

A

by test breeding to mares, then culturing and serum-testing the mares

66
Q

how is CEM treated

A
  • ceruminolytic
  • chlorhexidine scrub on affected area
  • silver sulfadiazine ointment on affected area
  • uterine infusion for mares

for 5 days!

67
Q

how do we prevent CEM

A
  • import regulations (pre-import testing and post-import quarantine and testing)
  • import regulations for semen
  • strict hygeine!
68
Q

what is the lasting impact of the outbreak of CEM in the USA in 2008

A

increased restrictions for stallion semen imported to Canada (costs, forms, delays)