Venereal Diseases of Bovine and Equine Flashcards
what are the 3 commonly transmitted bovine venereal diseases
- trichomoniasis
- campylobacteriosis
- ureaplasmosis
what are the 6 venereally transmitted equine diseases
1) equine coital exanthema (EHV-3)
2) equine viral arteritis
3) contagious equine metritis
4) pseudomonas
5) klebsiella
6) dourine (exotic to Canada)
all bovine venereal diseases cause (7)
1) infertility
2) low conception rate
3) low pregnancy check rate
4) sporadic abortions
5) long breeding season
6) long calving season
7) irregular cycle rate
Trichomoniasis
- what type of pathogen
- relative size
- type of membrane
- flagellated protozoal parasite
- size of an RBC
- undulating
what are the carriers of trichomoniasis and are they asymptomatic or symptomatic
bulls; asymptomatic
what area does trichomoniasis colonize in bulls
penis and prepuce
how is trichomoniasis transmitted
bulls riding eachother; bull to cow to bull; AI equipment; semen
what are signs of trichomoniasis in COWS (6)
- repeat breeders
- irregular estrus (sign of EED)
- post-breeding pyometra
- vaginitis
- endometritis
- open
what is the prognosis for trichomoniasis in cows and in bulls
- cows have a spontaneous recovery after 3 months
- bulls are asymptomatic carriers and must be culled
how can trichomoniasis be controlled (2)
- vaccination
- use AI
what is another name for campylobacteriosis
vibriosis
Campylobacteriosis
- name of causative agent
- type of pathogen
- campylobacter fetus spp. venerealis
- gram negative, motile, extracellular, microaerophilic rod
what is the outcome of campylobacteriosis in:
- young bulls
- old bulls
- young: will spread disease but then clear it and become free of infection
- old bulls will become asymptomatic carriers
where does campylobacteriosis live in mature bulls
epithelial crypts of penis and prepuce
how is campylobacteriosis spread
- bulls mounting other bulls
- bull to cow (to bull)
- infected AI equipment
what are the clinical signs of campylobacteriosis in cows (5)
- repeat breeders
- irregular estrus intervals (EED)
- open cows
- long breeding and calving seasons
- salpingitis and endometritis
what is the prognosis for campylobacteriosis in:
- cows
- young bulls
- old bulls
- cows: usually clear within 3-6 months and develop immunity
- young bulls: develop immunity
- old bulls: cull
how can we control campylobacteriosis
- cull infected older bulls
- use AI
- vaccination
Ureaplasmosis:
- name of agent
- size
- cell wall or no cell wall
- types of strains
- ureaplasmosis diversum
- small
- no cell wall
- virulent and non-virulent
where is ureaplasmosis a normal inhabitant in:
- cows
- bulls
- cows: vulva and vagina
- bulls: distal urethra, prepuce and semen
what disease does ureaplasmosis cause
granular vulvitis
what are the clinical signs of granular vulvitis in cows (3)
- inflammed and hyperemic vulva
- discrete raised red granules
- sticky, mucopurulent vulvar discharge
what happens if ureaplasmosis is introduced into the uterus
- mild endometritis +/- salpingitis
- EED due to these
besides granular vulvitis, what are other signs of ureaplasmosis in cows
- repeat breeders
- early embryonic death (normal estrus)
- late embryonic death (long estrus)
- abortions/placentitis
what are signs of ureaplasmosis in bulls
balanoposthitis
what is the prognosis of ureaplasmosis
- recurrent so it depends on management
- lives in semen, including frozen semen
what are ways to control ureaplasmosis
NO VACCINE
- AI with sheath or double rod technique
- infusion/douche with tetracycline
what is a distinguishing factor for trichomoniasis
- post-breeding pyometra
___, ____ and ______ are common amongst trichomoniasis and campylobacter
EED, endometritis, normal bull
what is common amongst all 3 common veneral diseases of cows
EED
what are distinguishing signs for ureaplasma
granular vulvitis, abortion, balanoposthitis
how can you differentiate trich from campy
culture organism -> need to contact lab first because it requires specialized transport media
what is the most reliable way to diagnose a venereal disease problem in a herd and how is it done
sample the prepuce of the bull (vs. sampling lots of cows); 3 consecutive tests 2 weeks apart
if testing cows for veneral diseases where do we collect samples
anterior vagina and cervix
how can we control and prevent trich and campy (5)
1) test and cull bulls
2) keep only young bulls
3) vaccinate
4) use AI
5) avoid group housing and sharing bulls
T/F vaccination for trich and campy exists for prophylaxis and treatment but it has questionable efficacy
T
what are the regulations for importation of bulls
all bulls over 24m or non-virgin bulls over 12m must have 3 negative, consecutive, weekly cultures or 1 negative PCR
what are the signs of equine coital exanthema in the mare and what is the timeline
starts 5-7 days after mating; heals in 7-10 days
signs:
- vesicles on vulva, perineum, anus
- pustules
- loss of pigmentation after healing
what are signs of equine coital exanthema in bulls
- vesicles/pustules on penis and prepuce
- may be reluctant to breed and delay the breeding season
what is confirmatory of equine coital exanthema on histology
intranuclear inclusion bodies
equine coital exanthema is caused by
EHV-3
how is equine coital exanthema treated
it is self-limiting and does not impact fertility therefore only secondary infections require treatment (if they occur)
what causes bacterial venereal endometritis in mares
Klebsiella and Pseudomonas
what are the 2 manifestations of bacterial venereal endometritis
1) acute post-breeding endometritis (causes pregnancy loss)
2) chronic endometritis
Are stallions are asymptomatic or symptomatic carriers of bacterial venereal endometritis
asymptomatic
how is the transmission of bacterial venereal endometritis prevented
pre-breeding swab of the mare is done routinely
how do you treat bacterial venereal endometritis
treat like acute endometritis:
- uterine lavage
- antibiotic
what is the incubation period of equine venereal arteritis
3-8 days
how is equine venereal arteritis transmitted
1) aerosol
2) venereal
3) contact with aborted fetus or membranes or fluids
what virus causes equine venereal arteritis
equine arteritis virus (an arterivirus)
what are the signs of equine venereal arteritis (7)
1) edema: ventral, distal limb, mammary, preputial/scrotal
2) urticaria
3) abortion
4) pneumonia in foals
5) conjunctivitis
6) nasal discharge
7) fever, depression, anorexia
how long do mares shed equine venereal arteritis
3 weeks (21 days)
what venereal disease resulted in a 2006 USA outbreak, due to chilled shipped AI of semen from 2 stallions with mild respiratory signs and fever
equine venereal arteritis
equine venereal arteritis produces a ___________ in many stallions; resulting in persistent __________ in _____________
carrier state; shedding of virus; semen
shedding of equine venereal arteritis in stallions is dependent on what hormone
testosterone
how can we prevent/control equine venereal arteritis (3)
- test all stallions
- vaccinate mares prior to breeding
- vaccinate stallions
what is the causative agent of contagious equine metritis
taylorella equigenitalis
what equine venereal disease is federally reportable in Canada
contagious equine metritis
T/F stallions are asymptomatic when infected with contagious equine metritis
T
what are the signs of contagious equine metritis in mares and how soon after mating do they start
1) copious vaginal discharge
2) acute endometritis
3) early return to estrus
start 2-10 days after breeding
T/F both stallions and mares can be carriers of contagious equine metritis
T
how is it that a mare might be infected with CEM but still able to carry a foal to term
she is an asymptomatic carrier with infection restricted to the caudal tract
what is the differential diagnosis for CEM
BVE (Klebsiella and pseudomonas)
how is CEM testing performed (4)
- specific swabs in the clitoris, cervix or endometrium
- swabs of urethra, urethral fossa or penile sheath in stallion
- aimes charcoal media
- on ice to lab within 48h
how is diagnosis of CEM in carrier stallions commonly done
by test breeding to mares, then culturing and serum-testing the mares
how is CEM treated
- ceruminolytic
- chlorhexidine scrub on affected area
- silver sulfadiazine ointment on affected area
- uterine infusion for mares
for 5 days!
how do we prevent CEM
- import regulations (pre-import testing and post-import quarantine and testing)
- import regulations for semen
- strict hygeine!
what is the lasting impact of the outbreak of CEM in the USA in 2008
increased restrictions for stallion semen imported to Canada (costs, forms, delays)
