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Theriogenology > Postpartum Conditions of the Mare > Flashcards

Postpartum Conditions of the Mare Flashcards

1
Q

the mare and cow uterus returns to the pregravid size by ________ days postpartum

A

25-32

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2
Q

the mare endometrium is repaired histologically by

A

14-15 days postpartum

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3
Q

when are the next two heats after parturition in the mare

A

foal heat: 9 days pp
30-day heat: 21 days after foal heat

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4
Q

what is a consideration with breeding on the foal heat and uterine involution in the mare

A

uterine involution occurs by 14-15 days; the mare heat occurs 9 days postpartum and the embryo will enter the uterus 6d after breeding, therefore the embryo will be entering the uterus as it is finishing repair

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5
Q

what is useful about foal heat breeding

A

the mare will foal 1 month earlier the next year, which is useful for managing mares foaling late in the breeding season

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6
Q

what are two considerations for breeding on the foal heat

A

higher rates of EEE and pregnancy rates are lower compared to mares ovulating after 10d postpartum

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7
Q

what criteria would make a mare a good candidate for foal heat breeding

A

1) normal parturition and postpartum period (no complications)
2) 9x9 rule: by day 9 want to see no intrauterine fluid and uterus 9 cm or less in diameter
3) ovulating after day 10

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8
Q

why do we want the mare to ovulate on day 10 to be a good candidate for foal heat breeding

A
  • ovulate on day 10
  • embryo enters uterus 5-6 days after
  • histologically repaired by 14-15 days
  • means pregnancy IS possible if she ovulates after day 10
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9
Q

when would we do a postpartum exam

A

1) within 24 h of birth
2) because owner requested it
3) because we suspect a problem

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10
Q

What are some important aspects of the history to obtain when performing a postpartum exam

A

1) due date
2) past foalings - how many, any history of problems
3) when did she foal
4) problems?
5) did she pass placenta?
6) is foal nursing
7) attitude and appetite?

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11
Q

what are signs that could indicate the foal is nursing? what about not nursing?

A

foal will lay down and sleep after nursing

milk will be dripping from the udder if foal is not nursin

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12
Q

what are some obvious problems to look for on visual inspection (5)

A
  • retained membranes
  • uterine prolapse
  • vaginal discharge (normal and abnormal)
  • udder
  • perineal lacerations
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13
Q

what are typical early postpartum conditions in the mare

A
  • GI colic
  • trauma to reproductive tract
  • RFM
  • metritis
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14
Q

what are three important tests to perform in the mare when doing a postpartum exam

A

digital pulses, mm, skin tent

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15
Q

what are the 3 steps to the reproductive exam

A

1) rectal exam
2) vaginoscopy
3) vaginal exam

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16
Q

what is important to assess on the rectal exam (5)

A

1) uterine involution
2) presence of a RV fistula
3) broad ligament hemorrhage
4) GI tract
5) uterine fluid (big uterus)

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17
Q

what do you ALWAYS need to check for when doing a postpartum vaginal exam

A

if there is another fetus!

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18
Q

what do we check for when doing the vaginoscopy or vaginal exam

A

1) perineal tears
2) vaginal tears or bruising
3) cervical tears
4) assess retained placenta
5) discharge (odour, character)

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19
Q

what do we need to suspect in any mare with frank bloody discharge postpartum

A

a uterine tear

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20
Q

what is the pathogenesis of uterine tear

A

tear -> hemorrhage of uterine artery -> contamination of abdomen with feces/bacteria/blood -> peritonitis -> endotoxemia -> laminitis

21
Q

in uterine tears what would you expect to see in an abdominal tap in:

  • early stages
  • later stages
A
  • early on expect blood
  • later on expect neutrophils and bacteria if peritonitis present
22
Q

what makes the mare sick in the case of a uterine tear and how soon

A

endotoxemia and peritonitis -> 1-3 days postpartum

23
Q

what are two diagnostic tools for a uterine tear

A

1) hysteroscopy (can’t keep air in uterus)
2) dye test (put dye in uterus -> tap abdomen and see if dye present)

24
Q

what should be on the list of differentials with uterine tear

A

RFM (also causes endotoxemia)

25
Q

uterine prolapse usually occurs when

A

immediately postpartum

26
Q

what are some contributing factors to uterine prolapse in mares

A

1) dystocia/forced extraction/fetotomy
2) twins
3) retained placenta
4) uterine intertia
5) abortion
6) rarely associated with GI colic (straining)

27
Q

what is a similarity and two differences between uterine prolapse in mares vs cows

A

Similar:
- epidural and sedation
- give antibiotics and anti-inflammatories

Difference:
- no retention sutures (cross-tie instead)
- very bloody in mares

28
Q

what is the prognosis of uterine prolapse in mares

A

good if she survives for future breeding

29
Q

unlike cows, what are the consequences of RFM in mares

A

toxic metritis -> laminitis -> death

30
Q

what are risk factors for RFM in mares (4)

A
  • dystocia, twins, abortion
  • draft mares
  • low Vit E and Se
  • genetics -> high in Friesian breeds
31
Q

T/F RFM can be obvious or not

A

T

32
Q

what should you always be suspicious of in a sick postpartum mare

A

RFM

33
Q

how might RFM present

A

1-2 days postpartum with metritis

34
Q

what are signs to look for on physical exam in the case of suspected RFM (6)

A

digital pulses; toxic line; dehydration; mm; pyrexia; anorexia

35
Q

how should you go about assessing RFM on vaginal exam

A
  • first off, must be aseptic!
  • assess how tightly adhered the membrane is to the endometrium
  • gently twist -> if loosen, ok to keep twisting
  • do NOT forceably remove
36
Q

what are some consequences of forcibly removing a RFM (5)

A
  • hemmorrhage
  • inversion of a uterine horn
  • uterine prolapse
  • leaving a piece behind -> toxemia -> death
  • scarring and infertility
37
Q

how do we treat RFM in mares

A

1) low dose oxytocin to cause uterine contractions -> expulsion
2) uterine lavage to distend uterus -> contractions -> expulsion
3) systemic therapy if a draft mare or if indicated

38
Q

what is a technique for treating RFM that can only be done if you know the membranes are completely intact

A

Burns technique: distend chorioallantois with fluid -> uterine and membrane stretching -> detachment

39
Q

what is a method for resolving RFM that works well in uncomplicated cases but is risky if it does not work immediately

A

infusion of the umilical vessels

40
Q

when would infusing the umbilical vessels to resolve RFM be contraindicated

A

if the integrity of the abdominal wall is compromised (hydrops, C-section) or if you suspect uterine artery rupture or broad ligament hematoma

41
Q

what does a broad ligament hematoma present as

A

variably sized mass dorsal to the uterus

42
Q

why is it risky to ultrasound a mare with a suspected broad ligament hematoma

A

you risk disrupting the clotting mechanisms in place and causing more bleeding

43
Q

how can we diagnose broad ligament hematoma without doing a rectal ultrasound (3)

A

abdominocentesis -> look for blood

abdominal ultrasound for free fluid

CBC and PVC

44
Q

what mares are more at risk of broad ligament hematoma

A

older, pluriparous

45
Q

how do we treat broad ligament hematoma in mares

A

1) keep quiet
2) monitor PVC and MM colour
3) can give oxytocin to decrease size of uterus -> less pressure
4) shock therapy
5) supportive care (fluids, blood transfusion)

46
Q

what is the prognosis for broad ligament hematoma

A

bad if rupture into abdomen; good for future breeding if they live and hemorrhage is limited to the broad ligament

47
Q

what are differentials for a sick mare postpartum

A

1) RFM
2) metritis
3) uterine tear
4) vaginal/cervical tear
5) broad ligament hematoma
6) bladder rupture
7) GI accident/colic

48
Q

what are differentials for frank bloody discharge postpartum

A

1) uterine wall hematoma
2) uterine prolapse
3) uterine tear
4) uterine artery rupture/hematoma

Theriogenology (18 decks)

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