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Theriogenology > Dog Therio (From Parturition) > Flashcards

Dog Therio (From Parturition) Flashcards

1
Q

normal mothering behaviour includes:

A
  • attentiveness
  • helping nurse
  • stimulating urination and defecation
  • grooming
  • protecting pupts
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2
Q

what are 3 main causes of abnormal mothering

A
  • stress
  • pain
  • too much human interference
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3
Q

what are normal bitch mammary glands

A
  • non-painful
  • symmetrical
  • firm or softer
  • warm
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4
Q

when does mastitis typically occur in bitches

A

6-10 days post-whelping (or at early weaning)

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5
Q

the only signs of mild mastitis in bitches might be

A

more firm mammary gland, uncomfortable bitch

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6
Q

what are clinical signs of more severe mastitis

A
  • fever
  • hard, hot, painful, discolored mammary gland
  • milk MAY be purulent or different colour
  • bitch lethargic, anorexic, painful, anxious, poor mom
  • may be septic (gangrenous or abscessed)
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7
Q

what might you see on bloodwork and on cytology of a bitch with mastitis

A

bloodwork: leukocytosis with left shift; may be septic

cytology: degenerative neutrophils, bacteria, macrophages

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8
Q

when should the puppies stop nursing from a bitch with mastitis

A

if gangrenous or abscessed

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9
Q

what are analgesia options for a bitch with mastitis

A

tramadol and opioids

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10
Q

when is surgical debridement and honey bandaging of mastitis needed

A

gangrenous or abscessed

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11
Q

what is a natural option to help mastitis (3)

A

cabbage leaf bandages, hot packing, cold packing

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12
Q

agalactia is more common in _________ bitches

A

primiparous

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13
Q

if pups are not gaining weight, what should you suspect

A

agalactia

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14
Q

what are some causes of agalactia

A

asynchrony between whelping and milk production; mastitis; metritis; endotoxemia; nutritional deficiency; stress; premature whelping

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15
Q

what drug can we use to treat agalactia

A

dopamine receptor antagonist (inhibits prolactin, so if we block it we get increased prolactin)

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16
Q

we treat agalactia with _____________ but galactostasis with _______________

A

dopamine receptor antagonists; oxytocin

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17
Q

T/F lochia should resolve in bitches within 3 weeks postpartum

A

T

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18
Q

besides dopamine receptor antagonists, how do we treat agalactia

A

find and treat underlying cause; supplement pups

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19
Q

when does metritis typically occur

A

1 week postpartum

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20
Q

what causes metritis

A

reprodutive track bacteria invade the uterus through the cervix

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21
Q

how does vaginal discharge from metritis look

A

thick, creamy, reddish-brown, stinky, sometimes copious

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22
Q

what are clinical signs of metritis

A
  • discharge (copious, creamy, smelly, thick, reddish-brown)
  • anorexia
  • poor mothering
  • decreased lactation
  • fever
  • lethargy
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23
Q

what is most commonly cultured from the uterus of a dog with metritis

A

E. coli

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24
Q

how can we diagnose metritis

A
  • culture of fluid
  • radiographs (distended soft tissue structure, may see retained fetus)
  • ultrasound (uterus dilated; RFM)
  • CBC (leukocytosis w left shift)
  • cytology (neutrophils, engulfed bacteria, RBC)
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25
Q

what is NOT likely to work to fix metritis

A

oxytocin (receptors are not there reliably after 24h postpartum)

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26
Q

what are treatment options for metritis

A
  • fluids
  • antibiotics
  • prostaglandins
  • spay if severe
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27
Q

RFM are more common in what types of dogs

A

toy breeds

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28
Q

if discharge is black/green longer than 12 hours, we should suspect

A

metritis

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29
Q

how can we prevent RFM in dogs

A

oxytocin within first 24h post-partum

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30
Q

what are risk factors for hypocalcemia

A
  • first litter
  • large litter
  • small or medium breed
  • diet supplemented with calcium during gestation
  • 2-4 weeks postpartum
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31
Q

when diagnosing hypocalcemia, it is important to measure (3)

A

ionized calcium, protein levels, acid-base status

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32
Q

how do we treat hypocalcemia

A

IV administration of 10% calcium gluconate slowly; give oral elemental calcium (tums)

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33
Q

T/F to prevent hypocalcemia in bitches you can supplement during gestation but should not supplement during whelping

A

F; other way around

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34
Q

what is SIP

A

subinvolution of placental sites

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35
Q

when do we consider SIPS

A

when there is serosanguinous discharge > 6 weeks post-partum

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36
Q

what might we find on vaginal cytology of a bitch with SIPS

A

trophoblast cells (polynucleated and heavily vacuolated)

37
Q

how do you treat SIPS

A

supportive unless severe, in which case you should spay

38
Q

what are the 3 biggest threats to neonates

A

hypoglycemia, hypothermia, dehydration

39
Q

when do most neonatal deaths occur

A

1st week of life

40
Q

what is important about the causes of neonatal mortality

A

most are preventable (i.e poor management and poor husbandry practices)

41
Q

what are the adaptations of the neonatal heart? how does this change at birth

A

1) ductus arteriosis: shunts blood from pulmonary artery to aorta
2) foramen ovale: shunts blood from R to L atrium

At birth: lungs inflate; R side of heart becomes a low pressure system; shunting stops as pressure in L side greater than R; foramen ovale and ductus arteriosus closes

42
Q

what causes neonates to take the first breath

A

when umbilical cord is cut it induces hypoxia, which increases vascular resistance resulting in dyspnea and reflex contraction of the chest -> the negative pressure in the chest suctions air into the lungs

43
Q

what is the most common prenatal condition and what are some reasons

A

hypoxia; maternal stress, dystocia, compromise

44
Q

neonates cannot compensate well for ___________, ____________ or ____________ due to poor ____________________

A

hemorrhage, hyperthermia, acid-base imbalances; myocardial contractility

45
Q

why do neonates have poor myocardial contracility and BP control

A

incomplete autonomic innervation of the heart and vasculature

46
Q

what are some reasons why neonates are sensitive to temperature fluctuations (7)

A
  • cannot shiver
  • cannot pant
  • high water content
  • low fat content
  • cannot vasoconstrict
  • poor blood flow to extremities
  • high surface area to body mass ratio
47
Q

what are 4 considerations with neonate GI systems

A

1) require colostrum
2) pass meconium
3) born with a sterile GI
4) higher stomach pH makes them more susceptible to bacterial infections

48
Q

when does dog colostrum transition to milk

A

2-3 days postpartum

49
Q

when does gut permeability start to decrease and when is it virtually gone

A

starts to decrease 8h after birth; basically gone after 24h

50
Q

what is colostrum a source of

A

Immunoglobulins (IgG, IgM, IgA)
Nutrients

51
Q

what is the main immunoglobulin found in colostrum

A

IgG

52
Q

the risk of neonatal mortality depends on (2)

A
  • success of transfer of passive immunity
  • growth between birth and 2 days
53
Q

how should you go about colostrum replacement?

A

use plasma/serum from a vaccinated adult (ideal if pooled from multiple of the same household) -> oral if < 12h old and subQ if >12h old; can give as 3 boluses or all at once

54
Q

T/F it is best to use the mothers serum for colostrum replacement

A

F

55
Q

T/F it is normal for weight to decrease in the first 24h of life

A

T (less true if natural whelping)

56
Q

puppies should gain what % of their body weight daily

A

5-10%

57
Q

puppies should double their weight within the first ____ days of age

A

7-10 days

58
Q

What is usually the first sign that something is wrong in puppies

A

weight loss (after the first 24 hours)

59
Q

why are neonates predisposed to hypoglycemia

A

1) born with limited glycogen stores
2) poor gluconeogenesis
3) increased demand for and loss of glucose and decreased ability to produce it

60
Q

what does APGAR stand for

A

A: appearance
P: pulse
G: grimace
A: activity
R: respiration

61
Q

APGAR scores of close to 10 indicate:

APGAR scores of less than 6 indicate:

A

fetal viability; increased risk of neonatal mortality, should receive supportive care

62
Q

what is assessed by APGAR (not the acronym but actual things you assign the scores to)

A
  • response to pinch
  • spontaneous respiration
  • mucous membrane colour
  • muscle tone
  • heart rate
63
Q

what other parameters can be added to APGAR

A
  • rooting behaviour
  • righting reflex
  • suckle reflex
64
Q

what are 2 common causes of neonatal dehydration

A
  • inadequate feeding
  • GI disturbance
65
Q

what is the most reliable way to assess hydration status in neonates

A

urine color (dilute yellow if well hydrated)

66
Q

how can we give neonates fluid therapy

A
  • oral (if GI working)
  • subQ
  • IV or IO
67
Q

what are causes of hypoglycemia in neonates

A
  • diarrhea
  • vomiting
  • infection
  • decreased intake
68
Q

how long does it take a neonate to become hypoglycemic if not nursing

A

< 24h

69
Q

what are some signs of hypoglycemia in neonates

A

weakness, tremors, seizures, coma, crying, anorexia

70
Q

how do we treat hypoglycemia in neonates

A

oral or IV glucose or dextrose

71
Q

how should you rewarm a puppy

A

should not be warmed up more than 1C per hour

72
Q

puppies should never be colder than

A

35C

73
Q

why should you NEVER feed a cold puppy

A

hypothermia causes the gut to slow down -> previously ingested food ferments -> gas -> bloat -> circulatory collapse and death

74
Q

an increase in what blood parameter is a sign of hypovolemia in puppies

A

lactate

75
Q

how do you treat hypovolemia

A
  • blood transfusion (plasma from well vaccinated adult)
  • warm fluids
  • broad spectrum antibiotics
76
Q

what are the 3 causes of fading puppy syndrome and which is most common

A
  • infection -> sepsis
  • environment
  • genetics

Infection most common

77
Q

what are the 2 manifestations of fading puppy syndrome

A

1) born weak/small/birth defects -> cannot nurse -> dehydration, hypoglycemia, hypothermia -> death within first few days

2) born healthy but weak in first few weeks of life -> depressed/anorexia -> hypothermia and dehydration

78
Q

what is pathognomonic for canine herpes virus

A

petechial and ecchymotic hemorrhage on major organs

79
Q

what age group of puppies is most likely to be affected by canine herpes virus -> necrotizing disease

A

less than 3 weeks; typically best growing pup

80
Q

what are clinical signs of canine herpes virus in puppies

A
  • acute
  • stop nursing
  • continuous vocalization
  • death in 1-3 days
81
Q

what is the best way to prevent canine herpesvirus

A

warm environment

82
Q

when does neonatal isoerythroloysis occur in cats

A

when a kitten with type A blood has a dam with Type B blood

83
Q

what are signs of neonatal isoerythroloysis in kittens

A
  • anemia
  • icterus
  • hemoglobinuria
  • weakness
  • tachypnea and tachycardia
  • tail tip necrosis
  • sudden death
84
Q

how do we prevent neonatal isoerythrolysis

A

do not mate type B queen to type A tom; blood matching; blood type kitten before allowing to nurse

85
Q

what is the cause of the following congenital defects:
- cleft palate
- midline deformities
- tooth and bone deformities
- cerebellar hypoplasia

A

cleft palate: corticosteroids given during certain stages of gestation

midline deformities: excessive vitamin A

tooth and bone deformities: lack of vitamin D

cerebellar hypoplasia: feline parvovirus

86
Q

what are 3 ways to feed neonates

A

bottle feeding, sponge feeding, tube feeding

87
Q

newborn puppies should be fed once every ___ hours

A

2

88
Q

typically, you should aim to feed neonates ___ ml of milk per ___ of body weight

A

1ml per oz

Theriogenology (24 decks)

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