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Theriogenology > Bovine Postpartum Reproductive Disorders > Flashcards

Bovine Postpartum Reproductive Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

what types of diseases occur at calving, between 1-10 days after calving, and several weeks after calving

A

at calving: prolapse, retained placenta (RT)
between 1-10 days: metritis
weeks after calving: pyometra, purulent vaginal discharge (PVD), endometritis

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2
Q

what process occurs in parallel with return to cyclicity

A

postpartum involution

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3
Q

what does involution entail: (3)

A

1) shrinking and repair of uterus and cervix
2) sloughing of caruncles and re-epithelialization of endometrium
3) clearance of bacterial contamination within 3 weeks

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4
Q

involution should ideally take how many days:
1) grossly:
2) histologically:

A

grossly: 21d
histologically: 40d

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5
Q

why is there a voluntary waiting period for dairy cows and how long is this period

A

lasts 50 days; to allow for involution and repair to occur

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6
Q

what is the definition of uterine prolapse

A

full eversion of the uterus and cervix

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7
Q

what is uterine prolapse associated with

A

hypocalcemia (older cows) -> lack of smooth muscle tone

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8
Q

what is the treatment of uterine prolapse

A
  • epidural
  • manual replacement
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9
Q

what is the prognosis for uterine prolapse

A

good for survival, less for pregnancy

some die from a ruptured uterine artery after correction

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10
Q

how can we more effectively treat uterine prolapse in a recumbent cow

A

frog leg posture -> tilts pelvis downwards

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11
Q

what can you do if a cow has a uterine prolapse with marked edema

A

apply a dextrose or sugar solution to help shrink

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12
Q

what are the steps for correcting uterine prolapse

A

1) rinse with saline +/- add dextrose or sugar
2) place uterus on clean sheet
3) elevate
4) circumferentially push uterus back in
5) extend reach with bottle
6) stitch vulva for 3-5 days

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13
Q

what two methods can we use to keep the vulva closed and prevent another uterine prolapse

A
  • buhner purse string
  • prolapse pins
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14
Q

what treatments do we give a cow with a uterine prolapse

A
  • calcium bolus or SC
  • systemic antibiotics
  • oxytocin (20 IU IM) ONCE BACK INSIDE
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15
Q

what is the definition of retained placenta

A

failure to expel the fetal membranes by 24h post calving

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16
Q

how common is retained placenta in dairy cows

A

5-10% of all calvings

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17
Q

what are 6 risk factors for RP

A

1) dystocia
2) twins
3) abortion
4) milk fever
5) c-section
6) induced delivery

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18
Q

what is a key element in the pathogenesis of retained placenta and what does this mean in terms of treatment

A

impaired immune function -> failure of detachment of placentome

this means that increasing uterine motility (oxytocin, prostaglandin) will NOT help

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19
Q

what breaks down the links between caruncle and cotyledon

A

neutrophils

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20
Q

Despite the recognized risk factors around calving, the mechanism for RP is in place well before. What evidence is there to support this claim?

A
  • neutrophils in these cows have reduced chemotaxis at calving and reduced killing capacity prepartum
  • reductions in neutrophil function are present 1-2 weeks prepartum
  • feed intake is reduced 1 week prepartum
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21
Q

T/F RP in itself is immediately harmful and unpleasant for the cow

A

F; unpleasant but not immediately harmful in itself

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22
Q

the impact of RP depends on:

A

the ability of the cow’s immune system

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23
Q

RP is a major risk factor for (4)

A
  • metritis
  • purulent vaginal discharge
  • endometritis
  • possibly displaced abomasum
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24
Q

what is the treatment for RP

A

systemic antibiotics, if/when metritis occurs

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25
Q

what percentage of cows with RP will develop metritis

A

up to >50%

26
Q

T/F the same immune system mediators are involved in both healthy and affected cows postpartum, but the difference lies in the magnitude, regulation, duration, and effectiveness of the response

A

T

27
Q

______________ is a common agent of infection in week ___ and _______________ in week(s) ___________

A

E. coli; 1; Trueperella pyogenes; 2-3

28
Q

what type of bacteria (aerobic or anaerobic) is important for uterine infection postpartum

A

anaerobes

29
Q

PVD is associated with chronic ___________ infection in weeks ___________

A

T. pyogenes; >3-8

30
Q

what are some bacterial risk factors for uterine disease

A

1) amount of contamination
2) species of bacteria (virulence factors, strain)

31
Q

what are some immune response/inflammatory risk factors for uterine disease

A
  • feed intake
  • energy and lipid metabolic health
  • stressors and hormonal changes
  • hypocalcemia
32
Q

what is the most important type of immunity postpartum

A

innate (although all defenses are present)

33
Q

describe what happens based on the following inflammatory response:
- excessive inflammation
- inadequate response
- bacteria > inflammatory response

A
  • endometritis
  • PVD
  • metritis
34
Q

__________ are understood to be the primary effectors of the postpartum uterine defense

A

neutrophils

35
Q

in its simplest form, what is pyometra

A

uterus filled with pus in the presence of a CL

36
Q

when does pyometra occur

A

> 21 days postpartum (have to return to cycling)

37
Q

most pyometras are what type in cows and what does this imply

A

closed; no systemic illness or fever

38
Q

pyometra is (common/uncommon) in cows and is usually diagnosed ______ postpartum by _______ palpation or ________

A

uncommon; 1-3 months; rectal palpation; ultrasound

39
Q

how do you treat pyometra

A

PGF injections repeated 10-14d interval

40
Q

when does metritis occur

A

<10 DIM

41
Q

how does metritis differ from pyometra

A
  • no CL
  • systemic illness (fever, off feed)
  • fetid vaginal discharge (unlike closed pyometra)
  • more common
42
Q

describe the uterine discharge produced by metritis

A

watery, red-brown, foul smelling

43
Q

overgrowth of what type of bacteria is associated with metritis

A

G- anaerobic bacteria

44
Q

how do we treat metritis

A

systemic antibiotics (ceftiofur, ampicillin, penicillin)

45
Q

cows with metritis have what changes during the pre and post partum periods, BEFORE developing the disease

A
  • lower DMI
  • decreased neutrophil killing activity
46
Q

endometritis and PVD each effect what percentage of cows

A

15-20%

47
Q

endometritis and PVD are associated with what

A

decreased fertiltiy

48
Q

T/F PVD and endometritis are the same

A

F; but they can occur concurrently

49
Q

PVD and endometritis have different _________ but additive effects on (2)

A

risk factors; reproduction, time to pregnancy and pregnancy loss

50
Q

what is co- or independent factor in many cases of PVD and endometritis

A

cervicitis

51
Q

PVD:
- how do we diagnose
- associated with
- treatment

A
  • metricheck
  • endometrial trauma, T pyogenes
  • cephapirin IU (local antibiotics); can give PGF2a 2 weeks apart to try to improve reproduction
52
Q

Endometritis:
- how do we diagnose
- associated with?
- treatment

A
  • cytology
  • dysregulated inflammation (NOT associated with bacterial infection)
  • ????
53
Q

PVD is located in the vagina but infection typically comes from

A

uterus or cervix

54
Q

why is it that when endometritis or PVD has been resolved, there are still lasting effects on fertility

A

infection and pus impacts luteolysis; the follicle trying to ovulate would have been growing in the unhospitable environment of the infected uterus/ovary

55
Q

animals that had endometritis or PVD are less likely to (4)

A
  • cycle
  • go into heat
  • get pregnant
  • stay pregnant
56
Q

what is cystic ovarian disease

A

a follicle that fails to ovulate or regress and grows to over 2.5cm in diameter

57
Q

what causes cystic ovarian disease

A

lack of an LH surge, associated with excessive negative energy balance

58
Q

T/F cystic ovarian disease is caused by persist cysts that stop the estrus cycle

A

F

59
Q

T/F most cysts resolve within 1 month and never recur

A

F; may recur

60
Q

how do we treat cystic ovarian disease

A

induce LH surge (OvSynch) with supplemental progesterone

61
Q

prevention of reproductive tract disease currently relies on

A

non-specific measures; best management practices for transition cows will improve

Theriogenology (18 decks)

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