Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Theriogenology > Dog Therio (UP to parturition) > Flashcards

Dog Therio (UP to parturition) Flashcards

1
Q

where is semen deposited in female dogs

A

fornix

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the orientation of the vestibule in relation to the vagina in dogs

A

vestibule vertical and vagina horizontal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what covers dog ovaries

A

ovarian bursa

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

in dogs, the cervical opening is often (parallel/perpendicular) to the vaginal canal

A

perpendicular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is unique about the eggs ovulated by bitches and why does this matter

A

immature on ovulation and take 48h to become mature; implications in timed AI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

do canine oocytes have a longer/shorter lifespan relative to some other species

A

longer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what hormone do we use to predict ovulation timing in bitches and why

A

progesterone; it begins to rise prior to ovulation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

what are the 4 stages of the canine estrus cycle and what stage(s) are “heat”

A

proestrus, estrus, diestrus, anestrus

proestrus and estrus = heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

are bitches seasonal or non-seasonal breeders

A

non-seasonal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

puberty is marked by when the first ________ occurs

A

proestrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is the average and range of puberty in bitches? does it occur earlier in large or small breeds

A

average: 8-14 months
range: 6-26 months

earlier in small breeds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what are 4 ways to determine stage of estrus in bitches

A

1) vaginoscopy
2) vaginal cytology
3) progesterone levels
4) receptivity/behaviour

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is the average length of proestrus in the bitch and when does it start

A

9 days; starts with first drop of blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what is the level of progesterone and estrogen during proestrus in the bitch

A

low (baseline) progesterone; estrogen rising

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what type of cells are present during proestrus in the bitch

A

parabasal and intermediate

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are cues of proestrus on vaginoscopy in bitches

A

thickening and edema of the vaginal epithelium

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what are external cues of proestrus in bitches

A

non-receptivity to males but increased aggression towards and mounting of other bitches; vulvar swelling; serosanguinous vaginal discharge; may start flagging

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what happens to the hormone profile (progesterone, estrogen) during estrus in the bitch

A

progesterone rises at LH surge, continues rising at ovulation then stays elevated

estrogen peaks at LH surge then starts to decline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

what is the average length of estrus in bitches

A

9 days (same as proestrus)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

what are 4 key things that happen during estrus

A

1) LH surge
2) ovulation
3) fertile period
4) breeding (standing heat)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

the LH surge occurs ______ hours before ovulation in bitches

A

48h

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

what are 2 methods to estimate the timing of the LH surge

A

1) progesterone
2) witness LH test

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

progesterone tests are run using (serum/plasma), which requires what color tube

A

serum; red top

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

what types of cells are present during estrus in bitches

A

cornified epithelial cells (anuclear or superficial)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

what is the appearance of the vaginal epithelium (using a vaginoscope) during estrus and how does this differ from proestrus (in dogs)

A

estrus: crenulation (raisins)
proestrus: edema (grapes)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

what causes the serosanguinous discharge observed during heat in bitches

A

diapedesis of red blood cells (NOT hemorrhage)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

what is the average length of diestrus in bitches

A

2 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

diestrus in bitches occurs __ days after LH surge and __ days after ovulation

A

8; 6

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

how does the vaginal epithelium appear during diestrus in bitches?

A

flat; less layers since no estrogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

what cells are present during diestrus in bitches

A

parabasal cells, intermediate cells, neutrophils

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

what is the hormone profile during diestrus in bitches (estrogen and progesterone)

A

progesterone high, estrogen low

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

how do we distinguish proestrus from diestrus in bitches? what would the values be?

A

progesterone: high in diestrus, low/baseline in proestrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

how long is anestrus on average in bitches

A

4 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

what happens to progesterone during anestrus in bitches and why

A

drops due to luteolysis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

what cells are present during anestrus in bitches

A

mainly parabasal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

during what stage is there uterine involution in bitches

A

anestrus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

before breeding bitches, it is important to know their ________ status

A

brucella canis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

the reproductive exam of dogs involves (3)

A

1) digital exam
2) vaginoscopy
3) vaginal cytology

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

what are the 4 breeding methods in bitches

A

1) natural
2) vaginal AI (using pipette or MAVIC)
3) transcervical AI
4) surgical AI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

why is it poor judgement to do surgical AI in bitches

A

pregnancy rates are equivalent OR superior for transcervical AI as opposed to surgical AI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

what can you use fresh or fresh chilled semen for (what types of procedures)

A

standard vaginal AI, MAVIC, or TCAI

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

what can you use frozen semen for (what types of procedures)

A

TCAI or SAI only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

to use frozen semen, what kind of testing of the bitch should be done

A

Witness LH test to confirm the ovulation date precisely

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

because dogs ovulate immature eggs, the fertile period is ______ days after ovulation (______ days after LH surge)

A

2-4 days after ovulation; 4-6 days after LH surge (LH surge occurs 2 days before ovulation)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

T/F the more processed the semen is, the more precise AI timing should be

A

T

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

What is the gestation length in dogs from ovulation? What is this in weeks?

A

63 +/- 1 day from ovulation; 9 weeks

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

What happens to progesterone during canine pregnancy? What about if there is no pregnancy

A

Stays elevated regardless and falls to baseline 24-48h prior to parturition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

progesterone should be higher than ___ ng/ml for pregnancy maintenance in dogs

A

2 ng/ml

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

what is the role of prolactin in canine pregnancy (2 main roles)

A

maintains the CL (indirectly maintains progesterone) from 35 days - term; milk production

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

what is the role of LH in canine pregnancy

A

maintains the CL

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

what is the role of estrogen in pregnancy

A

no role during majority of pregnancy; stays low until just before whelping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

where does relaxin come from in canine pregnancy and why is it special

A

produced by the placenta; can be used to diagnose pregnancy because it is the only hormone that differs between pregnancy and non-pregnancy in dogs

53
Q

what are 3 things that happen to the hematologic system during canine pregnancy

A

1) pregnancy-associated anemia (due to hemodilution)
2) increase in acute phase proteins
3) leukocytosis without a left shift

54
Q

what are the 3 phases/periods of canine pregnancy

A

1) ovum (d2-17)
2) embryo (d18-35)
3) fetal (d35-birth)

55
Q

what 3 processes are involved in the ovum stage of pregnancy (and what timeline are they associated with if applicable)

A

1) fertilization
2) embryos migrate to the uterus 10-12 days after LH surge
3) trans-uterine migration days 12-17

56
Q

when does implantation of dog embryos occur and what stage is this associated with

A

associated with embryo stage; occurs 18-20 days post LH surge and ends 2 days later

57
Q

dog organogenesis occurs during the __________ period and mineralization/ossification occurs during the __________ period

A

embryo; fetal

58
Q

when does the canine placenta develop

A

20-22 days

59
Q

what kind of placenta does the dog have

A

endotheliochorial zonary placentation

60
Q

how do canine embryos get iron

A

at the marginal hematomas of the placenta; maternal hemoglobin is converted to uteroverdin

61
Q

what are the 4 ways to diagnose canine pregnancy

A

1) abdominal radiographs
2) abdominal ultrasound
3) abdominal palpation
4) relaxin

62
Q

abdominal palpation can be used to predict canine pregnancy between what days

A

25-35

63
Q

what is the embryotoxicity critical time point (days post LH)

A

6-20

64
Q

when is ultrasound performed to diagnose canine pregnancy and when does it become less accurate

A

d19, usually done >d24; not as good >d37

65
Q

what can ultrasound be used for in canine pregnancy (4)

A
  • gestational aging
  • fetal #
  • fetal viability
  • fetal maturation
66
Q

when is radiographs useful for canine pregnancy, what does it help us assess and when is it typically done

A

after d45 is when it is useful as mineralization occurs; helps us assess fetal # and size; usually done 3-5d before parturition

67
Q

when is relaxin typically measured during pregnancy of dogs; when would we get a false negative and when would we see a false positive

A

usually measured d24-26; false negative if too early; false positive if there were resorptions/abortions

68
Q

why is gestational aging important

A

1) bitches that need elective c-sections
2) bitches with high risk pregnancy
3) bitches that need progesterone supplementation

fetuses not viable until 2 days before pregnancy and the placenta stops supporting 2 days after whelping date

69
Q

what is the gold standard for gestational aging

A

ultrasound <37d of pregnancy

70
Q

___________ is the best way to determine due dates, but combined with _____________ it creates even more accurate predictions.

A

Ovulation timing; gestational aging (via U/S)

71
Q

what does the ideal bitch pregnancy diet consist of

A

high protein, carbs, minerals, kcals; NO calcium supplementation; low in legumes; not raw

kcal: >375 kcal/cup, 400-450 kcal/cup best

72
Q

what should the Ca:P ratio for bitches be

A

between 1:1 and 1.2:1

73
Q

when should you introduce a bitch to the whelping area

A

5-7d before due date

74
Q

when is the best time to vaccinate and to deworm a pregnant bitch

A

vaccinate: earlier than 2 weeks before breeding
deworm: during pregnancy as appropriate

75
Q

if drugs have to be used during pregnancy, choose ___________ doses over _______ time periods

A

moderate; short

76
Q

what category of drug should never be used during pregnancy

A

D (known toxic/teratogenic effects)

77
Q

T/F bitches get gestational diabetes

A

T (rare)

78
Q

early embryonic death occurs during the _____ part of pregnancy whereas abortions occur during the ______ part of pregnancy

A

1st; 2nd

79
Q

why can dogs get gestational diabetes (2 hormones involved)

A

progesterone causes insulin resistance and also increases growth hormone, which is an insulin antagonist

80
Q

T/F you should treat gestational diabetes with low doses of insulin in dogs

A

F: usually needs moderately higher doses due to the resistance

81
Q

what causes pregnancy toxemia in dogs and when does it normally occur

A

lack of carbs or altered carb metabolism; late gestation; hypoglycemia combined with increased need for glucose causes release of fatty acids and ketones

82
Q

a bitch with hypoglycemia and ketonuria without glucosuria has

A

pregnancy toxemia

83
Q

what are 2 ways to monitor fetuses

A

1) Tocodynamometry (Whelp Wise)
2) Ultrasound (to monitor heartbeat)

84
Q

T/F Radiographs can be used to ID fetal death

A

T (air in uterus, balling of fetus, deformities)

85
Q

what are some signs of pseudopregnancy

A

weight gain, inappetance, nausea, mammary development, milk production, nurse toys

86
Q

what are options for pregnancy termination (4)

A
  • spay
  • aglepristone (Alizin)
  • prolactin inhibitors (cabergoline, bromocriptine)
  • prostaglandins
87
Q

what is aglepristone

A

a progesterone receptor antagonist (makes uterus think progesterone levels are low)

88
Q

what is an important consideration if using a prolactin inhibitor (cabergoline, bromocriptine) for pregnancy termination

A

has to be given after 30 days of pregnancy

89
Q

how should you use prostaglandin shots to terminate pregnancy in the bitch

A

with aglepristone or prolactin inhibitors as it lowers the dose and results in less side effects

90
Q

what is a method of pregnancy termination in the bitch that is NOT recommended and why

A

estrogens; high incidence of pyometra or bone marrow suppression

91
Q

If proceeding with pregnancy termination, what is important to tell the owners about:
- early in gestation
- mid gestation
- late gestation

A

early: likely will see no outward signs
mid: vaginal discharge, abortion (but will not see embryos/fetuses)
late: may see actual fetuses

92
Q

what hormonal changes occur at parturition in bitches

A

increase in fetal cortisol (and maternal cortisol) increases prostaglandin production, which decreases progesterone production; prostaglandin and oxytocin cause uterine contractions

93
Q

what is the Fergusson’s reflex as it pertains to parturition in dogs

A

increased oxytocin and prostaglandin results in uterine contractions -> causing fetal pressure against cervix -> further increases oxytocin

94
Q

when progesterone drops below _____ng/ml, labor will begin in __________ hours; this drop is associated with a drop in temperature by at least ___ C

A

2; 12-36h; 1 degree

95
Q

what are the 3 stages of dog labour

A

1) uterine contractions and cervical dilation
2) expulsion of the fetuses
3) passage of fetal membranes

96
Q

what is the most common sign of 1st stage labour

A

panting (anorexia, shivering, restlessness, nesting)

97
Q

what does stage 2 of canine labor invovle

A

Fergusson’s reflex; abdominal contractions; rupture of chorioallantois; uteroverdin

98
Q

what membrane is usually covering pups at birth

A

allantoamnion

99
Q

usually __ pup(s) every ___ mins for stage 2 delivery; it can go up to ______ hours between pups

A

1; 30; 3-4h

100
Q

usually what occurs concurrently with stage 2

A

stage 3 (passage of membranes)

101
Q

what is normal presentation, posture and position of fetuses

A

longitudinal cranial/caudal; extended head and limbs; dorsosacral

102
Q

what are some risk factors for dystocia

A
  • older bitch
  • first or many litters
  • breed
  • weight
  • litter size
103
Q

what is the difference between primary and secondary uterine inertia

A

primary: no sign of second stage labour

secondary: passage of one or more pups has already happened but then failure to expel another puppy

104
Q

what are some risk factors for dystocia

A

breed (brachcephalics), conformation, maternal illness

105
Q

terrier breeds are predisposed to

A

primary uterine inertia

106
Q

in both cases of uterine inertia, the uterus fails to respond to

A

oxytocin (no Fergusson reflex)

107
Q

what are some fetal factors for dystocia

A

presentation/posture/position; abnormal fetal development; singleton litter (oversized fetus)

108
Q

when should the owner call the vet in cases of birth ***

A

1) past known gestation date using ovulation timing
2) >70d since breeding date
3) no labour after temperature drop
4) >60d since cytological diestrus
5) >30 min with lots of straining and no pup
6) >15min with straining and pup in birth canal
7) >3h since last pup or weak intermittent abdominal contractions
8) lochia or uteroverdin without signs of labour
9) stage 2 > 18h
10) any maternal stress or illness

109
Q

what % of dystocias need c-section

A

60-80%

110
Q

what are the first steps to managing a dystocia

A

1) determine if theres actual pregnancy, cause of dystocia, maternal/fetal compromise
2) manage the client’s expectations

111
Q

what are the conditions for medical management of dystocia

A
  • bitch is healthy
  • cervix dilated
  • fetal size appropriate
  • normal fetal HR
  • no obstructive dystocia
  • labor not gone on too long
112
Q

in cases of medical management of dog dystocia, you can give _______ to increase the frequency of contractions or _________ to increase the strength of uterine contractions

A

oxytocin; calcium gluconate

113
Q

besides oxytocin and calcium gluconate, what are 2 other treatments for uterine inertia

A
  • glucose
  • IV fluids
114
Q

what are the units of oxytocin and calcium that should be given

A

Oxytocin: 0.5-2 U subq every 30 min

Calcium gluconate: 0.2 ml/kg 10% IV or 1-5 ml subq

115
Q

what is the proper way to give calcium IV

A

SLOW and listen for arrhythmias

116
Q

if using mechanical manipulation to manage dystocia what is the best approach

A

digital using cloth sponge and lots of lube

117
Q

what are the indications for surgical management of dystocia

A
  • low fetal hr (emergency <150 bpm)
  • obstructive dystocia
  • uterine inertia
  • uterine rupture or torsion
  • not responding to medical management
118
Q

before cutting for a c-section, it is important to give the bitch (2):

A
  • cerenia to prevent regurgitation
  • pre-oxygenation
119
Q

what can you give a bitch going in for c-section for pain control

A

butorphanol (reverse puppies with naloxone)

120
Q

what are your choices for injectable anesthetics for bitches going in for c-section

A

alfaxalone or propofol (alfaxalone better)

121
Q

are epidural or line blocks better for bitches going in for c-section

A

line blocks

122
Q

what are the risks with a c-section spay

A

increased risk of hypovolemic shock and hemorrhage

123
Q

what type of c-section is not recommended due to cutting off fetal blood supply and risk of hypoxia

A

en bloc

124
Q

what do the goals of neonatal resuscitation center on

A

oxygen delivery and warming

125
Q

how should puppies respond to neonatal resuscitation

A

frequent breaths, turning pink, vocalizing

126
Q

T/F you can use NSAIDs in lactating bitches

A

F; can interfere with neonatal kidney development

127
Q

what is the best post-op pain medication for c-section for bitches

A

tramadol

128
Q

when would you recommend an elective c-section for a bitch

A

after 2 litters

129
Q

what are signs that a fetus is ready for birth?

A
  • mother lactating
  • signs of first stage labor
  • signs of fetal distress (FHR)
  • kidneys similar to adult kidneys
  • can distinguish all layers of the intestines
  • peristalsis present

Theriogenology (24 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions