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Theriogenology > Dog Infertility and Subfertility > Flashcards

Dog Infertility and Subfertility Flashcards

1
Q

what is infertility

A

the inability to conceive and produce viable offspring

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2
Q

what is the most common cause of infertility/subfertility

A

poor bitch breeding management (no/poor ovulation timing)

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3
Q

it is important to distinguish split heat from

A

shortened diestrus/anestrus phase (shortened inter-estrus interval)

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4
Q

it is important to distinguish persistent estrus from

A

vaginitis

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5
Q

persistent estrus is diagnosed as

A

cornified cells > 30 days on cytology without a rise in progesterone

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6
Q

what usually causes persistent estrus

A

reproductive tract pathologies with secreting hormones

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7
Q

T/F vaginal structure abnormalities are common in the bitch

A

T

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8
Q

what is the difference between primary and secondary anestrus

A

primary present since birth: never came into heat

secondary means >10-18m since last heat

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9
Q

T/F vaginal structural abnormalites can be congenital or form after birth

A

F; always congenital

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10
Q

what are 3 examples of vaginal structural abnormalities

A

1) vaginal septum
2) persistent hymen
3) vaginal circumferential stricture

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11
Q

what can vaginal structural abnormalities cause

A
  • vaginitis
  • infertility/subfertility (painful to copulate; blocks sperm)
  • UTIs, urinary incontinence
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12
Q

what is the best way to diagnose vaginal structural abnormalities

A

digital palpation

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13
Q

to treat vaginal septum, where should you incise and why

A

cranial as possible to avoid the urethra

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14
Q

vaginal hyperplasia occurs in response to what hormone

A

estrogen (proestrus and estrus; just before whelping)

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15
Q

what breeds are predisposed to vaginal hyperplasia

A

brachycephalics

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16
Q

vaginal hyperplasia ALWAYS originates from what location

A

the vaginal floor, just cranial to the urethral papilla

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17
Q

if large enough, vaginal hyperplasia will cause

A

vaginal +/- urethral prolapse

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18
Q

what are sequelae of vaginal hyperplasia

A
  • secondary infections
  • self-mutilation
  • issues urinating
  • inability to breed naturally
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19
Q

what is a serious consequence of vaginal hyperplasia just before whelping

A

obstructive dystocia

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20
Q

why does it not make sense to surgically remove vaginal hyperplasia

A

it is going to recur at next heat

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21
Q

if you induce ovulation to treat vaginal hyperplasia, what is a consequence

A

cannot breed in this cycle

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22
Q

it is important to differentiate vaginal hyperplasia from (2)

A

vaginal polyps and vaginal tumors

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23
Q

vaginal tumors are usually

A

leiomyomas or leiomyosarcomas

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24
Q

what breeds are predisposed to DSD (dogs)

A

Miniature Schnauzers, Cocker Spaniels

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25
Q

os clitoris, persistent mullerian duct syndrome, segmental aplasia of uterus, hypoplastic ovaries are all examples of

A

DSD

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26
Q

ovarian cysts can be in what two locations

A

within the ovary (true ovarian cyst) or adjacent to the ovary (paraovarian cyst)

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27
Q

follicular cysts secrete _________, which can cause (4)

A

estrogen; persistent estrus, vulvar swelling/discharge, hyperestrogenism (ex. anemia), cornification

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28
Q

how do we diagnose and treat follicular cysts

A

diagnosis: ultrasound
treatment: spay or induce ovulation medically

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29
Q

T/F ovarian neoplasia is realtively common in dogs

A

F

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30
Q

what is the most common ovarian neoplasia in dogs and what does it secrete/some sequelae

A

granulosa cell tumor; estrogen (can also secrete progesterone); signs of persistent estrus

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31
Q

how do you treat granulosa cell tumors in dogs

A

spay; chemo if metastatic

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32
Q

how can you diagnose granulosa cell tumors in dogs

A
  • cornified vaginal epithelium
  • ultrasound
  • history and clinical signs of hyperestrogenism
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33
Q

what are clinical signs of ovarian remnant syndrome

A

estrus and pseudopregnancy signs

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34
Q

before diagnosing ovarian remnant syndrome, it is important to rule out

A

exogenous hormone exposure

35
Q

what are 5 diagnostic options for ovarian remnant syndrome and what is the expected values if positive

A

1) estrogen detection -> cornified cells
2) progesterone -> high if later in cycle
3) LH test -> high in a spayed animal
4) AMH -> present
5) ultrasound -> ovarian remnant

36
Q

what is endometritis and what are the consequences

A

inflammation of the endometrium; causes infertility/subfertility

37
Q

what are 2 ways to diagnose endometritis in dogs

A

1) vaginal cytology
2) endometrial culture, biopsy and cytology

38
Q

cystic endometrial hyperplasia is a __________ disease that is more common in ________ bitches

A

progressive; older (more non-pregnant cycles)

39
Q

what causes cystic endometrial hyperplasia

A

abnormal response to uterine stimulants (ex. estrogen and progesterone) that causes hyperplasia of endometrial glands, forming cysts

40
Q

why does CEM cause subfertility/infertility

A

prevents migration and implantation of the embryo

41
Q

pyometra is a ______ dependent disease that occurs in _______ and NEVER ___________

A

progesterone; diestrus; postpartum

42
Q

what two uterine diseases can commonly occur together because one predisposes to the other

A

CEM -> pyometra

43
Q

what is the most common bacteria cultured from pyometra

A

E. coli

44
Q

what are clinical and CBC signs of pyometra

A

lethargic, anorexic, PU/PD, vomiting, may have vaginal discharge

CBC: leukocytosis with degenerative left shift (neutrophilia)

45
Q

what is the important of the history for pyometra

A

was in heat 3-10 weeks ago

46
Q

what is the surgical tx for pyometra

A

OHE (stabilization with IV fluids, antibiotics)

47
Q

what is the medical tx for pyometra

A
  • aglepristone
  • PGF2a once cervix open
  • antibiotics
  • IV fluids
  • breed next cycle to prevent from recurrence
48
Q

what are the most common infectious causes of infertility/subfertility

A

Brucella canis, Canine herpes virus, Ureaplasma, Mycoplasma

49
Q

what is a classic sign of Brucella canis

A

late-term abortion (2 weeks prior to whelping)

50
Q

T/F Brucella canis is zoonotic

A

T

51
Q

what non-reproductive disease does brucella canis cause

A

uveitis, spondylitis, lymphadenopathy

52
Q

how is brucella canis diagnosed

A

rapid-slide agglutination test, followed by further testing

53
Q

why is treating brucella canis difficult

A

lifelong infection with intermittent infection

54
Q

what are treatment options for brucella canis

A

neutering/spay with long term antibiotics; in kennels euthanasia of all affected animals

55
Q

what does canine herpesvirus 1 cause

A

EED, abortion, stillbirth, neonatal death (largest puppies affected)

56
Q

when does exposure to canine herpesvirus 1 become problematic

A

when naive bitches are exposed during pregnancy

57
Q

T/F treatment of canine herpesvirus 1 is usually not rewarding once clinical signs are already present

A

T

58
Q

how can we prevent canine herpesvirus 1 infection in pregnant bitches

A
  • isolate infected animals
  • do not expose first time bitches to unknown animals
  • optimal hygeine
  • keep temperature warm
59
Q

what are organisms that are normally commensals of the reproductive tract that can cause infertility

A

mycoplasma and ureaplasma, E. coli

60
Q

when interpreting results from a guarded vaginal swab that was then cultured, what do you want to be looking for?

A
  • pure culture
  • heavy growth
  • correlated with clinical signs
  • cultured repeatedly
61
Q

how does sterilization differ from contraception

A

sterilization is permanent termination of reproduction whereas contraception is temporary suppression of reproduction

62
Q

what are the 3 reasons to sterilize

A

1) prevent unwanted pregnancy
2) prevent reproductive pathologies
3) prevent unwanted behaviours

63
Q

what method of contraception is associated with bad reactions and is currently off the market

A

intra-testicular injections

64
Q

what method of sterilization is not recommended

A

vasectomy (hard to do, can reverse, dogs can self-mutilate)

65
Q

what are the benefits of spay prior to 1st heat?

A
  • reduced risk of mammary neoplasia
  • removes risk of pyometra
66
Q

what are the adverse effects of spaying before 1st heat

A
  • cancer
  • orthopedic disease
  • obesity
  • urethral sphincter mechanism incontinence
67
Q

what are the benefits of neutering

A
  • removes risk of testicular disease
  • removes risk of prostatic disease
  • reduces roaming risk
  • reduces undesired behaviours
68
Q

what are adverse effects of neutering

A

cancer, obesity, orthopedic disease

69
Q

what will NOT be impacted by neutering prepubertial vs at 1-2 years old

A

testicular and prostatic disease risk

70
Q

In general, you can recommend spay/neutering at what age unless __________

A

6 months; unless large breed

71
Q

what are the 3 categories of contraceptives

A

steroid hormones, protein hormones, contraceptive vaccines

72
Q

T/F efficacy and reversal of contraceptives is variable

A

T

73
Q

what steroid hormone contraceptive should never be used

A

estrogen (used for mismating but has serious side effects such as pyometra and bone marrow suppression)

74
Q

how to progestins work as a contraceptive and when should they be given

A

inhibit gonadotropin release via negative feedback loop; only give in ANESTRUS (when estrogen levels are low)

75
Q

using progestins, a return to estrus can be expected in ________ months, but may take

A

9-12m; 2-3 years

76
Q

what type of contraceptive is associated with pyometra, mammary tumors, diabetes, acromegaly, immunosuppression, alopecia, increased appetite, weight gain, lethargy, restlessness…

A

progestins

77
Q

how do androgens work as a contraceptive and how long do they usually last for

A

inhibit LH via negative feedback loop; return to estrus in 1-7 months

78
Q

what type of contraceptive causes clitoral hypertrophy, vaginal discharge, vaginitis and male-type behaviours

A

androgens

79
Q

what are the 2 protein hormone options for contraceptives and what is the big difference between them

A

1) GnRH agonists
2) GnRH antagonists

agonists will cause an initial “flare” effect of estrus induction followed by down-regulation of LH and FSH

80
Q

between the two protein hormone contraceptives, which is available as an implant vs an injection and which lasts longer

A

GnRH agonists for both

81
Q

what are the 2 vaccine contraceptives and do they work well in dogs

A

1) porcine zona pellucida vaccine
2) GnRH vaccines

do not work well in dogs

82
Q

what is the best method for inducing ovulation

A

dopamine agonists (cabergoline, bromocriptine)

83
Q

what is the most useful contraception method

A

GnRH agonists

Theriogenology (24 decks)

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