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Theriogenology > Dog Infertility and Subfertility > Flashcards

Dog Infertility and Subfertility Flashcards

1
Q

what is infertility

A

the inability to conceive and produce viable offspring

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2
Q

what is the most common cause of infertility/subfertility

A

poor bitch breeding management (no/poor ovulation timing)

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3
Q

it is important to distinguish split heat from

A

shortened diestrus/anestrus phase (shortened inter-estrus interval)

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4
Q

it is important to distinguish persistent estrus from

A

vaginitis

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5
Q

persistent estrus is diagnosed as

A

cornified cells > 30 days on cytology without a rise in progesterone

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6
Q

what usually causes persistent estrus

A

reproductive tract pathologies with secreting hormones

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7
Q

T/F vaginal structure abnormalities are common in the bitch

A

T

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8
Q

what is the difference between primary and secondary anestrus

A

primary present since birth: never came into heat

secondary means >10-18m since last heat

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9
Q

T/F vaginal structural abnormalites can be congenital or form after birth

A

F; always congenital

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10
Q

what are 3 examples of vaginal structural abnormalities

A

1) vaginal septum
2) persistent hymen
3) vaginal circumferential stricture

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11
Q

what can vaginal structural abnormalities cause

A
  • vaginitis
  • infertility/subfertility (painful to copulate; blocks sperm)
  • UTIs, urinary incontinence
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12
Q

what is the best way to diagnose vaginal structural abnormalities

A

digital palpation

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13
Q

to treat vaginal septum, where should you incise and why

A

cranial as possible to avoid the urethra

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14
Q

vaginal hyperplasia occurs in response to what hormone

A

estrogen (proestrus and estrus; just before whelping)

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15
Q

what breeds are predisposed to vaginal hyperplasia

A

brachycephalics

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16
Q

vaginal hyperplasia ALWAYS originates from what location

A

the vaginal floor, just cranial to the urethral papilla

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17
Q

if large enough, vaginal hyperplasia will cause

A

vaginal +/- urethral prolapse

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18
Q

what are sequelae of vaginal hyperplasia

A
  • secondary infections
  • self-mutilation
  • issues urinating
  • inability to breed naturally
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19
Q

what is a serious consequence of vaginal hyperplasia just before whelping

A

obstructive dystocia

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20
Q

why does it not make sense to surgically remove vaginal hyperplasia

A

it is going to recur at next heat

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21
Q

if you induce ovulation to treat vaginal hyperplasia, what is a consequence

A

cannot breed in this cycle

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22
Q

it is important to differentiate vaginal hyperplasia from (2)

A

vaginal polyps and vaginal tumors

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23
Q

vaginal tumors are usually

A

leiomyomas or leiomyosarcomas

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24
Q

what breeds are predisposed to DSD (dogs)

A

Miniature Schnauzers, Cocker Spaniels

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25
os clitoris, persistent mullerian duct syndrome, segmental aplasia of uterus, hypoplastic ovaries are all examples of
DSD
26
ovarian cysts can be in what two locations
within the ovary (true ovarian cyst) or adjacent to the ovary (paraovarian cyst)
27
follicular cysts secrete _________, which can cause (4)
estrogen; persistent estrus, vulvar swelling/discharge, hyperestrogenism (ex. anemia), cornification
28
how do we diagnose and treat follicular cysts
diagnosis: ultrasound treatment: spay or induce ovulation medically
29
T/F ovarian neoplasia is realtively common in dogs
F
30
what is the most common ovarian neoplasia in dogs and what does it secrete/some sequelae
granulosa cell tumor; estrogen (can also secrete progesterone); signs of persistent estrus
31
how do you treat granulosa cell tumors in dogs
spay; chemo if metastatic
32
how can you diagnose granulosa cell tumors in dogs
- cornified vaginal epithelium - ultrasound - history and clinical signs of hyperestrogenism
33
what are clinical signs of ovarian remnant syndrome
estrus and pseudopregnancy signs
34
before diagnosing ovarian remnant syndrome, it is important to rule out
exogenous hormone exposure
35
what are 5 diagnostic options for ovarian remnant syndrome and what is the expected values if positive
1) estrogen detection -> cornified cells 2) progesterone -> high if later in cycle 3) LH test -> high in a spayed animal 4) AMH -> present 5) ultrasound -> ovarian remnant
36
what is endometritis and what are the consequences
inflammation of the endometrium; causes infertility/subfertility
37
what are 2 ways to diagnose endometritis in dogs
1) vaginal cytology 2) endometrial culture, biopsy and cytology
38
cystic endometrial hyperplasia is a __________ disease that is more common in ________ bitches
progressive; older (more non-pregnant cycles)
39
what causes cystic endometrial hyperplasia
abnormal response to uterine stimulants (ex. estrogen and progesterone) that causes hyperplasia of endometrial glands, forming cysts
40
why does CEM cause subfertility/infertility
prevents migration and implantation of the embryo
41
pyometra is a ______ dependent disease that occurs in _______ and NEVER ___________
progesterone; diestrus; postpartum
42
what two uterine diseases can commonly occur together because one predisposes to the other
CEM -> pyometra
43
what is the most common bacteria cultured from pyometra
E. coli
44
what are clinical and CBC signs of pyometra
lethargic, anorexic, PU/PD, vomiting, may have vaginal discharge CBC: leukocytosis with degenerative left shift (neutrophilia)
45
what is the important of the history for pyometra
was in heat 3-10 weeks ago
46
what is the surgical tx for pyometra
OHE (stabilization with IV fluids, antibiotics)
47
what is the medical tx for pyometra
- aglepristone - PGF2a once cervix open - antibiotics - IV fluids - breed next cycle to prevent from recurrence
48
what are the most common infectious causes of infertility/subfertility
Brucella canis, Canine herpes virus, Ureaplasma, Mycoplasma
49
what is a classic sign of Brucella canis
late-term abortion (2 weeks prior to whelping)
50
T/F Brucella canis is zoonotic
T
51
what non-reproductive disease does brucella canis cause
uveitis, spondylitis, lymphadenopathy
52
how is brucella canis diagnosed
rapid-slide agglutination test, followed by further testing
53
why is treating brucella canis difficult
lifelong infection with intermittent infection
54
what are treatment options for brucella canis
neutering/spay with long term antibiotics; in kennels euthanasia of all affected animals
55
what does canine herpesvirus 1 cause
EED, abortion, stillbirth, neonatal death (largest puppies affected)
56
when does exposure to canine herpesvirus 1 become problematic
when naive bitches are exposed during pregnancy
57
T/F treatment of canine herpesvirus 1 is usually not rewarding once clinical signs are already present
T
58
how can we prevent canine herpesvirus 1 infection in pregnant bitches
- isolate infected animals - do not expose first time bitches to unknown animals - optimal hygeine - keep temperature warm
59
what are organisms that are normally commensals of the reproductive tract that can cause infertility
mycoplasma and ureaplasma, E. coli
60
when interpreting results from a guarded vaginal swab that was then cultured, what do you want to be looking for?
- pure culture - heavy growth - correlated with clinical signs - cultured repeatedly
61
how does sterilization differ from contraception
sterilization is permanent termination of reproduction whereas contraception is temporary suppression of reproduction
62
what are the 3 reasons to sterilize
1) prevent unwanted pregnancy 2) prevent reproductive pathologies 3) prevent unwanted behaviours
63
what method of contraception is associated with bad reactions and is currently off the market
intra-testicular injections
64
what method of sterilization is not recommended
vasectomy (hard to do, can reverse, dogs can self-mutilate)
65
what are the benefits of spay prior to 1st heat?
- reduced risk of mammary neoplasia - removes risk of pyometra
66
what are the adverse effects of spaying before 1st heat
- cancer - orthopedic disease - obesity - urethral sphincter mechanism incontinence
67
what are the benefits of neutering
- removes risk of testicular disease - removes risk of prostatic disease - reduces roaming risk - reduces undesired behaviours
68
what are adverse effects of neutering
cancer, obesity, orthopedic disease
69
what will NOT be impacted by neutering prepubertial vs at 1-2 years old
testicular and prostatic disease risk
70
In general, you can recommend spay/neutering at what age unless __________
6 months; unless large breed
71
what are the 3 categories of contraceptives
steroid hormones, protein hormones, contraceptive vaccines
72
T/F efficacy and reversal of contraceptives is variable
T
73
what steroid hormone contraceptive should never be used
estrogen (used for mismating but has serious side effects such as pyometra and bone marrow suppression)
74
how to progestins work as a contraceptive and when should they be given
inhibit gonadotropin release via negative feedback loop; only give in ANESTRUS (when estrogen levels are low)
75
using progestins, a return to estrus can be expected in ________ months, but may take
9-12m; 2-3 years
76
what type of contraceptive is associated with pyometra, mammary tumors, diabetes, acromegaly, immunosuppression, alopecia, increased appetite, weight gain, lethargy, restlessness...
progestins
77
how do androgens work as a contraceptive and how long do they usually last for
inhibit LH via negative feedback loop; return to estrus in 1-7 months
78
what type of contraceptive causes clitoral hypertrophy, vaginal discharge, vaginitis and male-type behaviours
androgens
79
what are the 2 protein hormone options for contraceptives and what is the big difference between them
1) GnRH agonists 2) GnRH antagonists agonists will cause an initial "flare" effect of estrus induction followed by down-regulation of LH and FSH
80
between the two protein hormone contraceptives, which is available as an implant vs an injection and which lasts longer
GnRH agonists for both
81
what are the 2 vaccine contraceptives and do they work well in dogs
1) porcine zona pellucida vaccine 2) GnRH vaccines do not work well in dogs
82
what is the best method for inducing ovulation
dopamine agonists (cabergoline, bromocriptine)
83
what is the most useful contraception method
GnRH agonists

Theriogenology (24 decks)

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