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Theriogenology > Termination of Pregnancy > Flashcards

Termination of Pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three types of pregnancy termination

A

1) abortion
2) induction of parturition
3) twin reduction

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2
Q

What are some indications for induction of abortion in cows?

A
  • feedlot heifer
  • incorrect sire
  • heifers too young
  • bull/colt/ram/buck got loose
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3
Q

Approach to pregnancy determination depends on what

A

whether the animal is CL dependent for the entire pregnancy or not

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4
Q

What animal species maintain the CL throughout gestation

A

cows
pigs
dogs
cats
goats

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5
Q

what animal species do not have progesterone contribution from the placenta

A

dogs
cats
pigs
goats

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6
Q

what is the contribution of the CL and placenta to progesterone production in sheep (ovine)

A

CL: <50-60d
Placenta: >50-60d

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7
Q

what is the contribution of the CL and placenta to progesterone production in horses

A

CL (endometrial cups): 120-150d
Placenta: >70d

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8
Q

when does the placenta start producing progesterone in cows

A

150-250d

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9
Q

what plays an important role in initiation of parturition and what is a caveat

A

fetal glucocorticoids, only if the feto-placental unit is alive and functioning

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10
Q

when can you induce abortion using PGF2a in cows

A

<150 d or >250d (when the placenta is not contributing to progesterone levels)

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11
Q

when can you induce abortion using dexamethasone in cows? when is it 100% effective?

A

starts to work at 150d (low efficacy) and becomes 100% after 250d

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12
Q

if you wanted to be 100% certain you can induce abortion in a cow and you don’t know what day of gestation, what can you use

A

both PGF2a (lyse the CL) and dexamethasone (stops placental secretion)

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13
Q

T/F you only need 1 injection of PGF2a if inducing abortion in a cow <150 or >250d of gestation

A

F; give 2 to ensure you induce complete luteolysis

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14
Q

what happens if you did not completely lyse the CL in a gestating cow using PGF2α

A

mummification

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15
Q

in cases of fetal mummification or maceration in cows, how do you induce abortion

A

PGF2a -> luteolysis -> drop in progesterone

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16
Q

what are indications for induction of abortion in horses?

A

1) wrong sire
2) unintentional breeding
3) twins
4) problem pregnancy (ex. hydrops, PPT rupture)

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17
Q

In the horse, what is significant:
- in the first 35 days
- at day 35
- between 35-120 days
- after 120 days

A
  • in the first 35 days: only CL
  • at day 35: endometrial cups formed
  • between 35-120 days: eCG from endometrial cups -> acts like LH -> secondary CL formed -> progesterone
  • after 120 days: only placental source of progesterone
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18
Q

how do we induce abortion in mares:
- <28 days of pregnancy:
- <35 days of pregnancy:
- 35-120 days of pregnancy:
- >120 days of pregnancy:

A
  • <28 days: pinch one vesicle transrectally (in case of twins)
  • <35 days: PGF2a
  • 35-120 days: PGF2a twice daily for 3-5 days, may need manual extraction
  • > 120 days: PGF2α twice daily for 3-5 days, oxytocin, assist and extract (usually need to euthanize fetus once born)
19
Q

How do we induce abortion in sheep vs goats

A

in goats, only the CL is the source of progesterone, so 2 PGF2a injections can be given at any stage of gestation

in sheep, <50-60 days you can give 2 shots of PGF2a since only the CL is present; after 50-60 days you can give multiple injections of corticosteroids and manually dilate/extract

20
Q

in pigs, how do we induce abortion

A

2 shots of PGF2a at any stage of gestation

21
Q

what are the concerns with twinning in mares

A
  • leading cause of abortion before ultrasound
  • rarely go to term due to placental insufficiency
  • severe damage to the mare, and usually neither fetus survives
22
Q

T/F twinning in the mare can be unilateral or bilateral

A

T

23
Q

how can you tell whether twins in a mare ovulated at the same time or not

A

if they are the same size or different sizes on ultrasound

24
Q

when and how is manual twin reduction performed in the name

A

best at 14-17 days (before fixation) but can be done up to day 28; manually crush per rectum by massaging up the horn and popping

25
Q

what is the difference in management of twin pregnancy if unilateral vs bilateral pregnancy in the mare

A

if unilateral: >85% chance that natural reduction will occur and the twins will reduce to a singleton or no pregnancy

if bilateral: very likely to continue as twins until abortion in late gestation

26
Q

how can we reduce twins in the mare:
- between days 28-55
- between days 70-120
- between days 90-180

A

days 28-55: ultrasound monitored disruption
days 70-120: craniocervical dislocation (rectally, by colpotomy or by flank incision)
days 90-180: transabdominal ultrasound guided injection of procaine penicillin

27
Q

is the twinning rate in cows going up or down and why

A

up; selection for higher production, more double ovulations, synchronization programs

28
Q

what are the 3 main issues with twinning in cows

A
  • freemartins
  • higher embryo/pregnancy loss
  • associated with dystocia and postpartum disease
29
Q

how can we reduce twins in cows

A

manual rupture between days 35-40

30
Q

what are some indications for initiation of parturition

A

1) disease in dam
2) ensuring assistance at delivery
3) high risk pregnancy
4) owner convenience?

31
Q

the physiology of parturition is characterized by declining ______________ and rising _________________

A

progesterone; estrogen

32
Q

what is the most common combination used to initiate parturition in cows? when can this be done? how soon after do they calve? what is an issue?

A

dexamethasone and PGF2α; last 2 weeks of pregnancy; 36h; retained placenta

33
Q

the earlier that calving is initiated:
- what effect of mortality?
- what effect on value?
- what effect on sales?

A
  • higher mortality
  • less value
  • fewer sales
34
Q

how do we induce parturition in:
- ovine
- caprine
- porcine

A
  • ovine: corticosteroid (PGF2a not effective)
  • caprine: PGF2a (>140d)
  • porcine: PGF2a (>111d) and oxytocin 24h later
35
Q

how soon after initiating parturition will the following species give birth:
- ovine
- caprine
- porcine

A
  • ovine: 42h
  • caprine: 30-50h
  • porcine: 6h
36
Q

what concerns are unique about initiating parturition in mares?

A

the fetus matures in the last 2 days of gestation, and horses have a wide range of normal gestation lengths

37
Q

what are the guidelines for safe induction of parturition in mares? (4)

A

1) minimum 330 days
2) udder development and colostrum present
3) relaxation of sacrosciatic ligaments and vulva
4) analysis of colostrum indicates fetal maturity

38
Q

what are the electrolytes changes we want to observe in a mare before initiating parturition

A

1) increase in calcium to >400ppm or >200ppm for 2 consecutive days
2) potassium greater than sodium (sodium <35 mmol/ml, potassium >80 mmol/ml)

39
Q

T/F the pH of the mares milk determines fetal readiness for birth

A

T

40
Q

when the mares milk pH drops below _____, you can expect them to foal within the next _____

A

6.4; 24h

41
Q

what is the fastest and best way to induce parturition in the mare?
a) PGF2a
b) oxytocin
c) corticosteroids

A

b) oxytocin

42
Q

how do you induce parturition with oxytocin

A

IV injection (10-15 IU) every 15-20 minutes; usually foal within 60min

43
Q

can corticosteroids be used to initiate parturition in the mare? what is a problem with this method?

A

yes, but will foal in 8 DAYS, no colostrum, risk of laminitis, can lead to dystocia and fetal death

44
Q

T/F mares are incredibly sensitive to oxytocin in late pregnancy and will foal even if fetus is not mature

A

T

Theriogenology (18 decks)

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