Parturition Flashcards

1
Q

in general, predicting _______ is easier than predicting __________

A

non-parturition; parturition will happen

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2
Q

What is the gestation length of the:
bitch

A

63d +/- 1d from ovulation

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3
Q

What is the gestation length of the:
queen

A

58-68d

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4
Q

What is the gestation length of the:
Cow

A

278-293d

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5
Q

What is the gestation length of the:
Mare

A

341 +/- 2-3 weeks

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6
Q

What is the gestation length of the:
Ewe

A

144-151

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7
Q

What is the gestation length of the:
Doe

A

147-155

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8
Q

Mares foaling ___ to _____ have ~ __ day longer gestation

A

Jan to March; 10 days

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9
Q

For what species is progesterone drop a good indicator of parturition

A

cows (drops to < 1ng/ml) and bitch (drop in rectal temp of 1-2 degrees)

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10
Q

T/F progesterone drop is used often to indicate parturition in cows

A

F; expensive and not practical to do for a herd

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11
Q

what are 4 physical signs of impending parturition

A

1) engorgement of milk vein
2) mammary gland development
3) poor tail tone
4) changes in body shape

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12
Q

what is the progression of 5 physical signs of parturition in mares (note, some overlap with general physical signs of parturition)

what are 4 other physical signs of parturition in mares?

A

1) pelvic ligaments relax
2) belly drops
3) mammary gland development
4) milk vein engorgement
5) milk electrolyte and pH changes

6) filling of teats -> down n out
7) waxing
8) lengthening of vulva
9) expulsion of mucus plug from cervix

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13
Q

what are the physical signs of pelvic ligament relaxation

A

1) obvious tail head
2) sunken mm.
3) semitendinosus and semimembranosus mm look soft

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14
Q

growth of the mare’s udder occurs in the last ________ of gestation

waxing of the teats occurs within _______ before birth

A

2-4 weeks; 48h

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15
Q

Na and K invert how many hours before delivery

A

24-48h

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16
Q

When predicting parturition in the mare, it is best to use all signs together. These signs include (7):

A
  • due date
  • history
  • udder development
  • pelvic ligament relaxation
  • milk composition
  • vulva
  • behaviour
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17
Q

Describe the following stages of labour:
- stage 1
- stage 2
- stage 3

A

stage 1: uterine contractions, repositioning of fetus, dilation of cervix

stage 2: rupture of chorioallantois and delivery of foal

stage 3: passage of placenta

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18
Q

What are the signs of stage 1 in the:

cow

A

anorexia, arched back, restless, elevated tail

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19
Q

What are the signs of stage 1 in the:

mare

A

anorexia, colicky, sweating, frequent urination/defecation

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20
Q

What are the signs of stage 1 in the:

bitch

A

panting, vomiting, nesting, restless

21
Q

What are the signs of stage 1 in the:

ewe/doe

A

separate from flock, nesting, restless

22
Q

What is the length of stage 1 in the:

cow

A

1-24h (avg. 6)

23
Q

What is the length of stage 1 in the:

mare

A

0.5-6h (average 2)

24
Q

What is the length of stage 1 in the:

bitch

A

6-12h

25
Q

What is the length of stage 1 in the:

ewe/doe

A

1-6h

26
Q

What is the length of stage 2 in the:

cow

A

1-8h (heifers take longer)

27
Q

What is the length of stage 2 in the:

mare

A

5-30 minutes (average 15 minutes!!)

28
Q

What is the length of stage 2 in the:

bitch

A

3-6h

average 30 minutes per pup

29
Q

What is the length of stage 2 in the:

ewe/doe

A

1 h (2 for multiples)

30
Q

What is the length of stage 3 in the queen/bitch

A

often passed with the puppies/kittens

31
Q

What is the length of stage 3 in cows

A

6-12h

32
Q

What is the length of stage 3 in the mare

A

<3h

33
Q

What is the length of stage 3 in the ewe/doe

A

1-12h

34
Q

what is the fetal position in late gestation in the mare and when does this happen

A

feet become trapped in the limb horn; begins 8 months gestation and stays this way until term

35
Q

what is the most common cause of dystocia in the mare

A

poor positioning

36
Q

T/F sometimes there are no outward signs of stage one labour in the mare

A

T

37
Q

stage 2 begins with

A

breaking of the chorioallantois (water)

38
Q

rupture of the chorioallantois occurs at the

A

cervical star

39
Q

what do you want to see in a mare after the rupture of the chorioallantois

A

grey-white amniotic sac appearing at the vulva

40
Q

mares give birth in what position

A

lateral recumbancy

41
Q

how do contractions occur in the mare

A

groups of 3-4 followed by a short rest

42
Q

T/F foals are usually born within the allantioc sac

A

F; within the amniotic sac

43
Q

what happens after the front half of the foal is delivered

A

mare will rest and the foals initial movements will break the cord and result in complete delivery of the hindlegs

44
Q

Within _____ the foal should be sternal, within _____ the foal should be standing and within _____ the foal should be nursing

A

minutes; 1-2h; 2-4

45
Q

the chorioallantois and amnion are delivered inside out, meaning that the ________ surface is on the outside and the ________ surface is on the inside

A

allantoic; chorionic

46
Q

a red bag delivery means we are seeing what at the vulva (instead of the usual what)

A

we are seeing the chorion at the vulva instead of the amnion

47
Q

what does a red bag delivery mean and why is it an emergency

A

the chorion is prematurely separating from the uterus and the fetus is now in a hypoxic state

48
Q

you get a call from a client that their mare is foaling and they can see a red bag protruding from the vulva; what do you tell them?

A

this is an absolute emergency and they need to manually rupture the membrane and deliver the foal immediately

49
Q

when would help be needed when giving birth

A

1) failure to progress as expected (usual timeline)
2) improper position
3) nose or foot coming out of the rectum instead of vagina
4) straining with no progress