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Theriogenology > Conditions Associated with Pregnancy > Flashcards

Conditions Associated with Pregnancy Flashcards

1
Q

What are 3 fetal causes of abnormal pregnancy

A

1) fetal abnormalities
2) fetal death
3) too many fetuses

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2
Q

what are 5 maternal causes of abnormal pregnancy

A

1) viral infection
2) ascending bacterial infection
3) placental problem
4) uterine issues
5) hormonal issues

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3
Q

what is the etiology/pathophysiology of mummification and what is a KEY factor

A

fetal death -> absorption of fluids -> fetal retention -> CL retention -> tight cervix -> no bacterial infection -> stays sterile

key factor is that it is STERILE

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4
Q

what is the most common cause of fetal mummification in cows

A

BVDV infection

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5
Q

what is a common cause of fetal mummification in pigs

A

parvovirus

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6
Q

T/F in litter bearing species or twin pregnancies you can have mummies born with normal fetuses

A

T

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7
Q

T/F mummification is common in mares

A

F

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8
Q

why is fetal mummification rare in mares

A

they do not maintain the CL for the entire pregnancy so if the fetus dies, there are no hormones to “maintain” pregnancy and there will be no mummification

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9
Q

why would P4 supplementation cause mummification

A

if the fetus dies, the progesterone supplementation acts to mimc the CL so the dead fetus will stay in the uterus and mummify

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10
Q

what are some causes of mummification

A

1) abortion diseases - BVDV, parvovirus, etc.
2) single PGF2a injection given to induce abortion instead of 2
3) P4 supplementation
4) genetic factors (ex. chromosomal abnormalities)

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11
Q

what are 4 clinical signs of mummification

A

1) fetus not as big as expected for stage
2) lack of udder development
3) lack of fluid on U/S
4) absence of expected parturition (no fetal corticosteroids being produced)

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12
Q

how do we treat mummification

A

give 2 doses of PGF2a to induce luteolysis and open cervix; if incomplete cervical relaxation, give topical PGF2a

** good prognosis for future fertility **

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13
Q

why is parturition delayed in the case of fetal mummification

A

dead fetus cannot undergo stress in the pelvic canal activating the HPA axis -> no fetal corticosteroids -> parturition will not proceed

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14
Q

what is the pathophysiology of fetal maceration

A

fetal death after partially initiating HPA axis -> relaxation of cervix -> bacterial invasion -> retained CL -> emphysema by 24h -> maceration by 4 days

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15
Q

what are the clinical signs of an emphysematous fetus and a macerated fetus

A

emphysematous:
- distended, swollen, crepitus fetus
- foul vaginal discharge
- fever, anorexia, decreased production

macerated:
- thick uterine wall
- bones
- bones in uterine wall

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16
Q

how do you treat fetal emphysema

A

1) PGF2a to lyse CL
2) manual extraction if cervix is open
3) treat the metritis with systemic antibiotics, antiinflammatory drugs, fluids

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17
Q

how do you treat fetal maceration

A

1) estrogen or topical PGF2a to dilate cervix
2) manual bone extraction
3) surgical removal

** poor prognosis for future fertility **

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18
Q

T/F fetal maceration is common in mares

A

F

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19
Q

is fetal maceration or mummification more common in mares

A

mummification, but both are very rare

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20
Q

what causes hydropic conditions? what can the origin be

A

caused by excessive accumulation of placental fluids; can be amniotic, allantoic, or both

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21
Q

what causes hydroallantois (2)

A
  • abnormal placentation
  • diseased uterus
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22
Q

hydroallantois is associated with ____________ in cows

A

decreased number of placentomes

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23
Q

what are some clinical signs of hydroallantois (6)

A
  • rapid abdominal enlargement
  • abdomen round
  • very large distended uterus and you cannot ballot the fetus or feel placentomes
  • last 3 months of pregnancy
  • varied signs in cow such as anorexia, weakness, reluctancy to move, dyspnea, tachycardia
  • may see rupture of body wall or prepubic tendon
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24
Q

what causes hydroamnion

A

abnormal fetus that cannot swallow or process amniotic fluid -> gradual increase in amniotic fluid

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25
Q

what can help you distinguish hydroallantois from hydroamnion on rectal palpation

A

hydroamnion can ballot fetus and palpate placentomes; hydroallantois cannot palpate anything

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26
Q

what are signs of hydroamnion

A
  • gradual abdominal enlargement in last trimester
  • pear shaped abdomen
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27
Q

if hydrops is severe ->
if hydrops is not severe ->

A

severe -> euthanasia
not severe -> induce parturition to save cow

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28
Q

T/F hydroamnion commonly recurs

A

F; commonly recurs if placental/uterine aka hydroallantois

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29
Q

how does hydrops in the mare commonly present

A

a tremendous amount of ventral edema

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30
Q

what are causes of hydrops in the mare (6)

A

1) placentitis
2) fetal abnormality
3) leptospirosis
4) uterine/placental insufficiency
5) genetic (RTL1 gene -> decreased # placental capillaries)
6) twins

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31
Q

T/F hydrops in the mare is rarer compared to cows, but is much more severe, with potential to lose both the mare and foal

A

T

32
Q

what is the key step after identifying hydrops in the mare

A

initiate parturition to save mare prior to abdominal wall or prepubic tendon rupture

33
Q

what is a potential sequela of fixing hydrops in mares

A

acute shock due to rapid loss of fluids and circulatory volume

34
Q

how do you drain hydrops in mares

A

pass a drain through a trochar and SLOWLY drain over 2-4 hours while monitoring the mare for signs of shock; pass the fetus after draining +/- euthanize fetus

35
Q

what is the outcome of hydrops in mares

A

poor prognosis
- many have already ruptured the body wall or prepubic tendon
- no future breeding potential
- consider RTL1 gene has cause and do not rebreed to same stallion in the future

36
Q

what are 7 clinical signs of prepubic tendon rupture and which sign is pathognomonic

A
  • painful
  • reluctant to walk
  • blood in milk <- PATHOGNOMONIC
  • lordosis
  • stretched out stance
  • ventral edema
  • udder pulled cranially
37
Q

what are some predisposing causes of prepubic and/or abdominal wall rupture in horses

A
  • hydrops
  • twins
  • uterine torsion
  • draft mares
  • genetics?
38
Q

is prepubic tendon rupture more common in cows or horses and why

A

horses; cows have subpubic tendon in addition to prepubic tendon so more support

39
Q

how do you treat prepubic tendon rupture in horses

A

1) at term and fetus is mature: induce parturition
2) not at term: belly wrap, pain management, restrict exercise, monitor electrolytes and induce when mature

40
Q

what is the prognosis for PPT rupture or abdominal wall herniation

A
  • poor for future foalings/calvings
  • surgical mesh repair possible but has associated complications
  • euthanasia especially if PPT rupture
  • use for embryo transfer
  • use as pasture pet
41
Q

T/F uterine torsion presents very similarly in cows and horses

A

F; due to differences in anatomy and fetal positioning during mid-late gestation

42
Q

where is the attachment of the broad ligament in cows and how is the cervix

A

attach caudally; cervix mobile

43
Q

where is the attachment of the broad ligament in mares and how is the cervix

A

attached dorsally; cervix fixed

44
Q

how is the fetus positioned in late gestation in the cow vs the horse

A

cow: positioned in right direction and right side up
horse: positioned upside down

45
Q

in the mare, torsion usually happens (cranial/caudal) to cervix

A

cranial

46
Q

what is the biggest sign of uterine torsion in the cow vs the horse

A

cow: failure to progress at parturition; can also occur in late gestation
horse: colic signs during mid-late gestation

47
Q

severe colic signs in the horse are associated with what degree of uterine torsion

A

more than 270 degrees

48
Q

why can a vaginal exam be helpful to diagnose a uterine torsion in the cow but not the horse

A

cows usually have the cervix included in the torsion, so you can feel a twist in the anterior vagina on vaginal exam

horses do not include the cervix in the torsion, so the vagina appears normal on exam

49
Q

how do you diagnose uterine torsion via rectal exam in the cow and in the horse

A

cow: rotation of uterus and broad ligament
horse: crossing over of broad ligaments; broad ligaments taught

50
Q

how do we diagnose uterine torsion in the mare based on what we are feeling

A

the most caudal ligament is usually the side of the torsion, whereas the ligament on the opposite side will be pulled forward

51
Q

diagnose the uterine torsion in the horse based on the following information:

1) right ligament felt first
2) left ligament felt first

A

1) right or clockwise torsion
2) left or counterclockwise torsion

52
Q

what are the 3 options for treating uterine torsion in the cow

A

1) detorsion per vagina
2) roll cow
3) C-section aka flank laparotomy

53
Q

what are some risks associated with detorsion per vagina and what species is it used on

A

risk that cervix will not dilate, risk of limb fracture

used in cows only

54
Q

how does rolling the cow work

A

you roll the cow around the stabilized uterus

left torsion: lay cow on left side and roll to the left

right torsion: lay cow on right side and roll to right

55
Q

if doing a surgery to detorse, where do you cut

A

on same side towards which the torsion occurs

56
Q

what is the risk of rolling

A

uterine rupture

57
Q

what are the 3 etiologies of placentitis in the mare

A

1) ascending bacterial infection through cervix
2) focal
3) hematogenous

58
Q

what are examples of ways to get an ascending bacterial infection through the cervix with resultant placentitis

A

Infectious: E. coli, Step. zoo
Poor perineal conformation

59
Q

what is an example of a cause of hematogenous placentitis

A

leptospirosis

60
Q

what is the significant of premature lactation in a mare presenting with placentitis

A

indicates that the fetus is stressed and abortion is impending

61
Q

T/F placentitis causes systemic disease

A

F; no fever or systemic signs

62
Q

what are two key clinical signs of placentitis

A

vaginal discharge and premature lactation

63
Q

what measurement done transrectally on US allows diagnosis of placentitis

A

CTUP

64
Q

what are 2 inflammatory markers of placentitis and what do we see on CBC

A

1) serum amyloid a
2) αfetoprotein
NO changes on CBC (limited infection)

65
Q

infection of horses with crossiela equi or amycolatopsis causes what

A

focal mucoid placentitis characterized by lesions at the base of the horns of the uterus or in the body of the uterus

66
Q

what is a risk factor for focal mucoid placentitis (nocardioform placentitis)

A

hot, dry August and September

67
Q

what is the treatment (4) and prognosis for placentitis

A

treatment:
- broad-spectrum antibiotic
- anti-inflammatories
- pentoxifylline (increase blood flow, reduce cytokine production)
- progesterone supplementation

prognosis: guarded to poor; foals often born septic

68
Q

what causes vaginal prolapse

A

high estrogen of late pregnancy

69
Q

T/F vaginal prolapse is inherited

A

T

70
Q

what are two risk factors for vaginal prolapse

A

pluriparous and fat cows

71
Q

what is the process of vaginal prolapse

A

edema of vaginal floor -> prolapse -> increased abdominal pressure while recumbent leads to external prolapse

72
Q

what is the cycle that produces further vaginal prolapse

A

prolapse -> drying -> necrosis -> more straining -> more prolapse

73
Q

extensive vaginal prolapse will also include what organ

A

bladder

74
Q

how do you treat vaginal prolapse

A

1) clean
2) give epidural
3) replace
4) place retention suture or perform cervicopexy or vaginopexy
5) calve her out
6) cull

75
Q

what is a permanent solution to prevent vaginal prolapse

A

fixation to prepubic tendon or sacrosciatic ligament

76
Q
A

Theriogenology (18 decks)

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