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Theriogenology > Breeding Management - General > Flashcards

Breeding Management - General Flashcards

1
Q

what are 4 reasons you might perform a BSE on a mare

A

1) infertility
2) pre-purchase exam
3) identified pathology
4) routine postpartum

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2
Q

when is the best time to perform BSE on the mare

A

in estrus - easier to access the uterus through the cervix

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3
Q

what are the components of the BSE for the mare

A

1) history
2) general inspection
3) general PE
4) palpation per rectum
5) vaginal exam
6) ultrasonography
7) endometrial biopsy
8) endometrial culture and cytology

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4
Q

what are 7 factors from the history that are important for the BSE of the mare

A

1) time of year (horses are seasonally anestrus)
2) parity
3) age
4) number of breeding attempts so far
5) any problems in previous parturition
6) is she cycling regularly
7) previous treatments this year

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5
Q

what 5 things do we look for when doing a general inspection as part of a BSE

A

1) external conformation
2) vulvar discharge
3) body condition
4) lameness
5) peritoneal conformation

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6
Q

what is the most significant factor causing subfertility in mares and why

A

poor perineal conformation; will often have infection from fecal or air contamination

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7
Q

what are the 3 barriers to contamination of the uterus

A

1) vulvar seal
2) vestibulovaginal sphincter
3) cervix

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8
Q

what angle of vulva do we want to see in a normal horse

A

vertical; <10 degree forward angulation

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9
Q

what is a normal amount of vulva in relation to the pelvic floor in horses

A

less than 1/3 above the pelvic floor

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10
Q

what is a normal amount of perineal body in the horse

A

3-4cm between the anus and dorsal commissure of vulva

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11
Q

what forms the vestibulovaginal sphincter

A

1) caudal vagina
2) hymen
3) internal floor of pelvis
4) constrictor vestibuli muscles

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12
Q

you perform the air test and hear an inrushing of air, what does this indicate

A

the vestibulovaginal sphincter is compromised

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13
Q

what is Caslick’s surgery

A

suturing the dorsal aspect of the vulva to form a tough membrane resistant to infection

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14
Q

what may cause variation in findings on transrectal palpation (3)

A

1) stage of cycle
2) abnormalities
3) species

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15
Q

when you perform a rectal palpation, what is the first thing you want to determine

A

is she pregnant???

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16
Q

you perform a rectal palpation and determine that the animal is not pregnant; what is the next step?

A

is she cycling? (is there a CL)

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17
Q

in cows, what structures can you feel? how does this compare to the mare

A

follicles and CL; only follicles and the OV fossa

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18
Q

what can ultrasound be used for

A

1) pregnancy diagnosis
2) stage cycle
3) abnormalities

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19
Q

when visualizing the vagina and cervix on vaginal exam, what 3 things should you be looking for/keep in mind

A

1) anatomy
2) pathology/discharge
3) stage cycle

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20
Q

what is the best way to diagnose tears and adhesions of the cervix

A

digital exam

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21
Q

in diestrus, how does the cervix appear

A

central/tight, pale, dry

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22
Q

in estrus, how does the cervix appear

A

on floor/relaxed, pink-red, moist

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23
Q

what is the purpose of endometrial culture and cytology

A

determine if the uterus is free of inflammation and infection

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24
Q

what are the 4 indications for endometrial culture and cytology

A

1) as part of the complete BSE
2) infertility/irregular cycles
3) you saw abnormalities on US
4) vaginal discharge

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25
Q

it is common to use the cap of the swab for ___________ and submit the swab itself for __________

A

cytology; culture

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26
Q

what is an important consideration for endometrial cytology/culture

A

strict sterile technique

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27
Q

what is considered abnormal endometrial cytology of the mare? what about the cow?

A

> 3 neutrophils per high power field; > 5-10% neutrophils

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28
Q

how do we interpret the 3 results of cytology:

1) swab POS + cytology NEG
2) swab POS + cytology POS
3) swab NEG + cytology POS

A

1) likely contamination
2) endometritis
3) likely endometritis

29
Q

what can be used to identify cows with subclinical endometritis

A

Metricheck

30
Q

what component of the BSE correlates to the likelihood of a mare carrying a foal to term

A

endometrial biopsy

31
Q

what are the two indications for endometrial biopsy in the mare

A

1) prepurchase exam of broodmare
2) to determine cause of infertility

32
Q

T/F there are no pain receptors in the non-pregnant endometrium

A

T

33
Q

where is an endometrial biopsy taken from

A

horn base

34
Q

biopsies are closely associated with _______ rate

A

foaling

35
Q

when are additional tests of the BSE done

A

when specifically indicated

36
Q

why might you want to manipulate the cycle of mares or ewes

A

to allow out of season breeding

37
Q

what are 4 disadvantages of breeding programs

A

1) stress to animals
2) cost of drugs and labour
3) expressed estrus may be weak, low intensity in some programs
4) not all animals respond

38
Q

what are some reasons why an animal might not respond to a breeding program

A

1) BCS
2) management
3) nutrition
4) genetics

39
Q

T/F you can control the estrous cycle by targeting the follicular phase, the luteal phase, or both phases

A

T

40
Q

what are 4 MANAGEMENT TECHNIQUES for estrous cycle control

A

1) manipulate daylength
2) male effect
3) increase plane of nutrition
4) short term weaning

41
Q

what is a geographical factor that influences short-day breeders

A

latitude

42
Q

what is the effect of melatonin on mares? on ewes?

A

mares: increased melatonin INHIBITS GnRH release
ewe: increased melatonin STIMULATES GnRH release

43
Q

how do we fool mares into thinking it is spring? (so she foals early in the year)

A

expose her to artificially long days starting in the fall

44
Q

how do we fool ruminants into thinking it is fall?

A

expose them to increasing darkness starting in the late summer

45
Q

what is the most powerful stimulus of estrus that is widely known and used

A

male effect

46
Q

what is the hormonal effect of male exposure

A

stimulates the release of GnRH and LH

47
Q

sight, smell and suckling of a calf (increases/decreases) LH release; what is this called

A

inhibits; lactational anestrus

48
Q

short-term weaning is best when combined with or

A

increasing plane of nutrition; male effect

49
Q

how long should you wean calves for to induce estrus at the beginning of the breeding season

A

24h

50
Q

what is the term to describe increasing the level of pre-breeding nutrition

A

flushing

51
Q

flushing works best in what body condition

A

thinner

52
Q

when should flushing start

A

2-3 weeks before start of breeding season

53
Q

what hormone can we give to induce luteolysis

A

PGF2α

54
Q

what are limitations of PGF2α as a treatment for controlling the cycle

A

only works in animals with a CL; will not work in anestrus animals; will not synchronize ovulation; side effects

55
Q

PGF2α will lyse the CL and come into estrus in ________ days

A

2-5

56
Q

how does giving exogenous progesterone or synthetic progestagens cause ovulation

A

suppresses LH release during treatment -> LH builds up in pituitary -> surge of LH when progesterone treatment stops -> estrus -> ovulation

57
Q

what are 5 forms of progesterone

A

1) intravaginal devices (CIDR; PRID)
2) oral (MGA)
3) daily injection
4) long-lasting injection
5) ear implant (Syncro-Mate B)

58
Q

what are 6 hormones that can be used to control the follicular phase

A

1) PMSG (eCG)
2) HCG
3) GnRH
4) estrogens
5) LH
6) FSH

59
Q

what is unique about giving GnRH in cattle

A

depending on when it is given, it will either stimulate ovulation or emergence of a new follicular wave

60
Q

what is an example of exogenous GnRH that is used in mares

A

deslorelin

61
Q

how does HCG induce ovulation

A

acts like LH

62
Q

how are estrogens used in cattle programs (3)

A

to induce estrus, ovulation, or emergence of a new follicular wave

63
Q

what is the function of HCG

A

induces ovulation

64
Q

what is the function of exogenous FSH

A

stimulates follicular growth

65
Q

what hormone is used for superovulation in embryo transfer programs

A

FSH

66
Q

PMSG acts like _____ in horses and ____ in ruminants

A

LH; FSH

67
Q

what can PMSG be used for in ruminants (2)

A

superovulation; out of season breeding in sheep

68
Q

T/F combination programs are species-specific

A

T

Theriogenology (18 decks)

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