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Theriogenology > Pregnancy Diagnosis > Flashcards

Pregnancy Diagnosis Flashcards

1
Q

every day open costs a producer how much

A

$4 to $5

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2
Q

why do we bother to diagnose pregnancy?

A

1) open days cost producers
2) earlier diagnosis means earlier opportunities to rebreed if open
3) planning help for parturition
4) planning nutrition
5) herd management

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3
Q

is “stood for breeding” a good pregnancy diagnosis?

A

no

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4
Q

is failure to return to estrus a good sign of pregnancy?

A

it may indicate pregnancy, but is not DEFINITIVE (there are many reasons why a mare may not return to cyclicity)

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5
Q

what might confound “failure to return to estrus” as a pregnancy test (3)

A
  • inaccurate estrus detection (ex. missed estrus)
  • prolonged diestrus or anestrus (ex. cystic ovarian disease in cows)
  • signs of estrus in early pregnancy occur in 5% of mares
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6
Q

why is looking for belly growth and mammary development a poor pregnancy test

A

false pregnancy is common in some species (note, not common in horses)

examples:
- dogs show pregnancy behaviour during diestrus regardless of pregnancy status
- caprine spp. commonly develop mucometra, giving the appearance of a full abdomen

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7
Q

are blood tests for pregnancy factors a good pregnancy test

A

yes

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8
Q

what is an example of a blood test for pregnancy diagnosis in ruminants

A

BioPRYN

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9
Q

what does BioPRYN test for

A

pregnancy associated glycoproteins (PAGs), specifically Pregnancy-Specific Protein B

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10
Q

what produces Pregnancy Specific Protein B in ruminants and from what day of pregnancy onward

A

binucleate trophoblast cells from day 28 onward

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11
Q

what is the issue with the BioPRYN test

A

the PAG it tests for (Pregnancy Specific Protein B) persists in the blood until day 73 postpartum

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12
Q

BioPRYN can be used in cows after ____ days postpartum and ___ days or more after insemination

A

73; 30

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13
Q

why is recheck recommended if using BioPRYN

A

false positives and EED

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14
Q

DG29:
- can be used how many days after insemination?
- species
- major limitation

A
  • 29 days after insemination
  • ruminants
  • specificity drops significantly in inseminated, non-pregnant animals
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15
Q

T/F concepto diagnostics is the best pregnancy blood test because it can be used as early as 48 hours after mating to detect pregnancy

A

F; it is bullshit, basically 50/50

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16
Q

what are 5 potential hormones that can be tested to indicate pregnancy

A
  • progesterone
  • estrogens
  • eCG
  • progestagens
  • relaxin
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17
Q

in regards to using progesterone as an indicator of pregnancy:
- used how many days post-breeding?
- low levels suggest what?
- high levels suggest what?
- bottom line (is it good or not)?

A
  • 19-21 days post breeding
  • low levels suggest NO pregnancy
  • high levels do NOT confirm pregnancy
  • NOT a good test
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18
Q

what are 3 potential pregnancy tests in mares

A

1) progesterone
2) eCG
3) estrone sulfate (E2SO4)

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19
Q

is progesterone a good pregnancy test in the mare?

A

NO

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20
Q

when can you test a mare for eCG to confirm pregnancy

A

between days 40 and 120

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21
Q

what are some limitations to eCG as a pregnancy test in mares

A

1) endometrial cups will persist even if the fetus is dead, so it does not confirm a VIABLE pregnant
2) false negatives on the tails of the curve (too early or too late in pregnancy when cups are already gone)

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22
Q

how can we use eCG to confirm VIABLE pregnancy

A

tandem use of eCG and estrone sulfate assays repeated after 2-4 weeks

23
Q

if using eCG and estrone sulfate to confirm pregnancy with repeated testing, what would indicate VIABLE pregnancy

A

continued presence of eCG with rising estrone sulfate

24
Q

what is estrone sulfate

A

conjugated estrogen

25
Q

estrone sulfate in the mare:
- serum estrogens elevated as soon as day _______
- feto-placental source after day _____
- diagnostic of pregnancy in normal sized horses by day ____ (>___ng/mL)
- diagnostic of pregnancy in minis by day ______ (>___ng/mL)
- used for fetal viability prior to ___ months gestation

A
  • 35-40
  • 60
  • 45 (>6.0 ng/mL)
  • 80 (>60 ng/mL)
  • 7
26
Q

can you use progesterone to diagnose pregnancy in bitches

A

no

27
Q

what can you use to diagnose pregnancy in bitches? what produces it? how many days after breeding is it produced? what is a limitation?

A

relaxin; the placenta; after 22-27 days; false negatives and positives can occur

28
Q

stage pregnancy based on the following… you perform a rectal palpation and the uterus is:

  • heavy
  • light
A

heavy: >3 months
light: <3 months OR not pregnant

29
Q

you’ve determined that the cow you are palpating is > 3 months pregnant…. what is the next step

A

ballot the fetus (if you cannot, she is not pregnant)

30
Q

You have determined the cow you are palpating is > 3 months pregnant and you can ballot the fetus, you now palpate the cotyledons.

Determine the stage of pregnancy based on the following size of the cotyledons:

  • quarter:
  • toonie:
  • silver dollar:
A

quarter: 3 months pregnant
toonie: 4 months pregnant
silver dollar: 5 months pregnant

31
Q

You are palpating a cow and have already determined that she is > 3 months pregnant. You feel the uterine artery for fremitus next. Determine the stage of the pregnancy based on the following:

  • fremitus in one horn
  • fremitus in 2 horns
A

fremitus detected in one horn: > 3-4 months but less than 7

fremitus detected in both horns: at least 7 months pregnant

32
Q

Stage the pregnancy based on the following information:
- cervix is heavy
- fetus can be balloted
- cotyledons are the size of a silver dollar
- fremitus detected in one horn only

A
  • cervix is heavy -> SHE IS > 3 MONTHS
  • fetus can be balloted -> PREGNANT
  • cotyledons are the size of a silver dollar -> SHE IS AT LEAST 5 MONTHS
  • fremitus detected in one horn only -> SHE IS LESS THAN 7 MONTHS

Therefore, she is approximately 5-6 months along

33
Q

You are palpating a cow and determined the cervix is light. Interpet the following:

  • one horn is bouncy and thin-walled, CL on same side; other horn is not bouncy and thick-walled
  • both horns bouncy and thin-walled and the fetus can be balloted
A
  • light cervix indicates she is less than 3 months
  • 30-50 days
  • 60-90 days
34
Q

What are the 4 absolute signs of pregnancy in cows on palpation

A

1) amniotic vesicle
2) fetal membrane slip
3) placentomes
4) fetus

35
Q

what “slips” in a fetal membrane slip; what species can you feel this in?

A

the chorioallantois (spaces between the placentome); in species with a chorioallantoic placenta (not horses!)

36
Q

by what day should you be able to feel the following on rectal palpation in a cow:

1) Fluid filled horn (CL on same side):
- Heifers:
- Cows:

2) Fetal membrane slip

3) Ballot fetus

4) Feel placentomes

5) Uterine artery fremitus

A

1) Heifers: 30d; Cows: 30-40d
2) >30d
3) >70d
4) >80-90d
5) >80-120d

37
Q

what is fremitus and what are we feeling

A

buzzing of the middle uterine a. within the broad ligament

38
Q

What is the horn diameter on the following days in the cow:

  • Day 30
  • Day 60
  • Day 90
A
  • Day 30: 1 inch
  • Day 60: 3 inches
  • Day 90: 6 inches
39
Q

Describe what day you would expect to feel the following size of the cow fetus:

  • large mouse
  • rat
  • cat
A
  • large mouse: 60d
  • rat: 90d
  • cat: 120d
40
Q

Describe what day you would expect to feel the following in the pregnant MARE:
- increase in cervical and uterine tone:
- bulge at base of uterine horn:
- ballot feuts

A
  • day 15-18
  • day 20-25
  • day 90-120
41
Q

at what stage can you do abdominal palpation safely and reliably on the pregnant bitch

A

25-30 days

42
Q

what can you palpate between days 25-30 gestation in the bitch

A

individual sacs

43
Q

what largely determines when you can detect pregnancy by ultrasound

A

the quality of the US equipment

44
Q

When can you approximately detect pregnancy by ultrasound in the following species:
- bovine:
- equine:
- small ruminants (transrectal and transabdominal):
- porcine:
- canine:
- feline:

A
  • bovine: day 27
  • equine: day 10 (day 14 typical)
  • small ruminants: transrectal = day 18; transabdominal = day 35
  • porcine: day 22
  • canine: day 18 from ovulation
  • feline: day 16 from ovulation
45
Q

when do you typically first ultrasound a mare for pregnancy

A

day 14

46
Q

what does doppler ultrasonography highlight and why is it better

A

highlights blood flow; it provides an earlier diagnosis and detects the fetal heart beat

47
Q

how can you use ultrasound to differentiate pregnancy from hydrometra in goats

A

if fluid but no placentomes and no fetus -> hydrometra

48
Q

how is ultrasound performed in the bitch (rectal vs transabdominal)? when is it performed?

A

transabdominal; day 20 or more

49
Q

what is ultrasound used for in the bitch

A
  • estimate fetal numbers
  • gestational age
  • fetal viability
  • predict whelping dates
50
Q

how do you determine fetal gender in cattle and mares:
1) before day 60
2) after day 90

A

1) genital tubercle
2) gonads

51
Q

where is the genital tubercle in the male and in the female

A

male: behind umbilicus
female: under tail

52
Q

what is ultrasound used for in later pregnancy 3

A

1) fetal age
2) fetal health (heart rate, activity, placenta)
3) twins

53
Q

In conclusion: Group the following pregnancy tests as good or bad:
- history of breeding
- udder development/abdominal enlargement
- hormonal analysis
- non-return to estrus
- blood tests for pregnancy factors
- palpation of the uterus
- ultrasonography of the uterus

A

Good:
- hormonal analysis
- blood tests for pregnancy factors
- palpation of the uterus
- ultrasonography of the uterus

Bad:
- history of breeding
- udder development/abdominal enlargement
- non-return to estrus

Theriogenology (18 decks)

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