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Vascular Path Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 2 types of hypertension?

A

Primary/essential
Secondary

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2
Q

Which disease?

Causes 90-95% of cases

A

Primary hypertension

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3
Q

Which disease has the following causes?

Reduced renal Na+ excretion
Increased vascular resistance
Environmental factors (stress, obesity, smoking, inactivity, high sodium)

A

Primary hypertension

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4
Q

Which disease has the following causes?

Primary renal disease
Renal artery narrowing
Adrenal disorders

A

Secondary hypertension

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5
Q

What disease?

Affects over 25% of the population

A

Hypertension

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6
Q

What diseases?

Often asymptomatic

A

Hypertension
Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis
Hyperlipidemia
Thoracic aortic aneurysm

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7
Q

Normal BP

A

<120/80

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8
Q

Elevated BP

A

120-129/<80

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9
Q

Stage 1 BP

A

130-139/80-89

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10
Q

Stage 2 BP

A

140+/90+

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11
Q

What disease?

Diagnosis based on more than 2 BP readings on more than 2 occasions

A

Hypertension

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12
Q

What disease has the following methods of tx?

Weight loss
Na+ restriction
Increased physical activity
Limited alcohol
Dietary changes
Antihypertensive meds

A

Hypertension

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13
Q

May proceed w/ all dental tx

A

139/89 or less

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14
Q

Elective dental tx should be selective and minimally invasive; emergency dental procedures are approved

A

140-159/90-99

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15
Q

Elective dental tx should be stopped; emergency dental procedures approved w/ monitoring

A

160-179/100-109

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16
Q

All elective dental tx is contraindicated; emergency tx only in hospital setting

A

180/110 or higher

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17
Q

What disease has the following consequences?

Arteriosclerosis
Accelerated atherosclerosis
Weakened vessel walls
Left ventricular overload

A

Hypertension

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18
Q

Which consequence of Hypertension?

Can lead to nephrosclerosis, and ischemic kidney disease

A

Arteriosclerosis

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19
Q

Which consequence of Hypertension?

Leads to dissecting aneurysms and cerebral hemorrhage

A

Weakened vessel walls

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20
Q

Which consequence of Hypertension?

Leads to cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure

A

Left ventricular overload

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21
Q

What disease?

Caused by arterial wall thickening and loss of elasticity

A

Arteriosclerosis

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22
Q

What disease?

Hardening of arteries

A

Arteriosclerosis

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23
Q

What diseases?

Ubiquitous in developed nations

A

Arteriosclerosis
Atherosclerosis

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24
Q

What disease?

Diagnosed by imaging

A

Arteriosclerosis

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25
Q

What disease?

Tx is dependent on cause

A

Arteriosclerosis

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26
Q

What is the most common cause of Arteriosclerosis?

A

Atherosclerosis

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27
Q

What disease?

Caused by atheromatous plaques on vessel walls that impinge on lumen

A

Atherosclerosis

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28
Q

What disease?

Necrotic lipid core (cholesterol) that can calcify

A

Atherosclerosis

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29
Q

What disease has the following risk factors?

Genetic abnormalities
Family hx
Age
Males
Hyperlipidemia
Hypertension
Smoking
Diabetes
Inflammation

A

Atherosclerosis

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30
Q

What disease?

Diagnosed by coronary Ca2+ scan

A

Atherosclerosis

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31
Q

What disease?

Tx is to tackle modifiable risk factors

A

Atherosclerosis

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32
Q

What disease has the following tx methods to tackle modifiable risk factors?

Reduce cholesterol
Increase omega-3 fatty acids
Exercise
Statins
Treat hypertension, diabetes
Stop smoking

A

Atherosclerosis

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33
Q

What disease?

Caused by complete or partial obstruction of a vessel by a blood clot

A

Thrombosis

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34
Q

What disease?

Caused by Virchow’s triad

A

Thrombosis

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35
Q

What disease?

More common in older adults
Risk factors = atherosclerosis + immobility

A

Thrombosis

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36
Q

What is virchow’s triad?

A

Endothelial injury
Stasis or turbulent blood flow
Hypercoagulability

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37
Q

What disease has the following clinical presentation?

Ischemia and infarction of tissue downstream
MI, stroke, peripheral artery disease

A

Arterial thrombosis

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38
Q

What disease has the following clinical presentation?

Pain, swelling, redness of affected limb (DVT)
Risk of pulmonary embolism

A

Venous thrombosis

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39
Q

What disease is diagnosed using the following?

Ultrasound
CT
MRI angiograph

A

Thrombosis

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40
Q

Which disease has the following tx methods?

Anticoagulation therapy
Thrombolytic therapy
Surgical intervention
Risk factor modification (stop smoking, manage hypertension and hyperlipidemia)

A

Thrombosis

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41
Q

What disease?

Caused by elevated levels of lipids

A

Hyperlipidemia

42
Q

Which form of Hyperlipidemia?

Genetic

43
Q

Which form of Hyperlipidemia?

Caused by diabetes, obesity, lifestyle

44
Q

What disease?

More prevalent with increasing age, poor diet, lack of physical activity

A

Hyperlipidemia

45
Q

What disease?

Clinical presentation is heart attack or stroke

A

Hyperlipidemia

46
Q

What disease?

Xanthelasma can be clinical sign

A

Hyperlipidemia

47
Q

What disease?

Diagnosed by a lipid panel

A

Hyperlipidemia

48
Q

What is in a lipid panel?

A

Total cholesterol
LDL (bad)
HDL (good)
Triglycerides

49
Q

What disease has the following tx methods?

Statins
Lifestyle changes (reduce fats and cholesterols; increase fiber and omega-3s)

A

Hyperlipidemia

50
Q

What do statins lower?

51
Q

What disease?

Caused by tear in intimal layer of aorta, blood flows btwn layers of vessel wall

A

Aortic dissection

52
Q

What disease?

More common in men 40-60 yrs old

A

Aortic dissection

53
Q

What disease?

Risk factors are:
Hypertension
Smoking
Marfan syndrome

A

Aortic dissection

54
Q

What disease?

Sudden onset severe chest pain that may radiate to back

A

Aortic dissection

55
Q

What disease?

Diagnosed by CT angiography

A

Aortic dissection

56
Q

What disease?

Tx is rapid BP control and surgery

A

Aortic dissection

57
Q

What disease?

Caused by dilation of blood vessels or heart; occurs when structural integrity of arterial media is compromised

58
Q

What disease?

Affects those with inadequate CT synthesis, excessive CT degradation, or loss or change in SM cells

59
Q

Aneurysm that affects all 3 layers of artery

A

True aneurysm

60
Q

Aneurysm where a wall defect leads to hematoma

A

False aneurysm

61
Q

What disease?

Caused by localized dilation of abdominal aorta

A

Abdominal aortic aneurysm

62
Q

What disease?

Most often due to atherosclerosis

A

Abdominal aortic aneurysm

63
Q

What disease?

Less common causes = genetic, infection, trauma

A

Abdominal aortic aneurysm

64
Q

What disease?

Affects older men over 50

A

Abdominal aortic aneurysm

65
Q

What disease has the following risk factors?

Smoking
Atherosclerosis
Hypertension

A

Abdominal aortic aneurysm

66
Q

What disease?

Asymptomatic until rupture
Sudden, severe pain indicates rupture (emergency!)

A

Abdominal aortic aneurysm

67
Q

What disease?

Diagnosed by abdominal ultrasound or CT

A

Abdominal aortic aneurysm

68
Q

What diseases have the following methods of tx?

Monitor
Surgical repair when large or symptomatic

A

Abdominal aortic aneurysm
Thoracic aortic aneurysm

69
Q

Which disease has the following consequences?

Obstructed branch of aorta
Embolism
Impinges adjacent structures
Abdominal mass
Rupture

A

Abdominal aortic aneurysm

70
Q

What does obstructed branch of aorta lead to in Abdominal aortic aneurysm?

A

Ischemia of tissue

71
Q

What adjacent structures can become in impinged in Abdominal aortic aneurysm?

A

Vertebrae
Ureter

72
Q

What does rupture lead to in Abdominal aortic aneurysm?

A

Massive hemorrhage (often fatal)

73
Q

What disease?

Caused by dilation of thoracic aorta

A

Thoracic aortic aneurysm

74
Q

What disease?

Most often due to hypertension, bicuspid aortic valves, Marfan syndrome

A

Thoracic aortic aneurysm

75
Q

What disease?

Risk factors are hypertension, smoking, and genetic CT disorder

A

Thoracic aortic aneurysm

76
Q

What disease?

SOB, chest pain, back pain

A

Thoracic aortic aneurysm

77
Q

What disease?

May impinge on nearby structures, causing:
Hoarseness
Difficulty swallowing
Persistent cough

A

Thoracic aortic aneurysm

78
Q

What disease?

Rupture causes sudden, severe pain and hypotension

A

Thoracic aortic aneurysm

79
Q

What disease?

Benign tumor composed of blood vessels

A

Hemangioma

80
Q

What disease?

Usually congenital and present at birth

A

Hemangioma

81
Q

What disease?

Common in infancy; more frequent in girls

A

Hemangioma

82
Q

What disease?

Flat or nodular
Red to purple
Most regress by age 10

A

Hemangioma

83
Q

What disease?

Tx is observation, laser therapy, surgical excision, meds

A

Hemangioma

84
Q

What disease?

Malignant tumor from endothelial cells

A

Angiosarcoma

85
Q

What disease?

Risk factors:
Prior radiation therapy
Chronic lymphedema
Exposure to specific chemicals

A

Angiosarcoma

86
Q

What disease?

Rapidly growing mass
May ulcerate and bleed
Predilection for skin, liver, breast but can occur anywhere

A

Angiosarcoma

87
Q

What disease?

Tx is surgical excision, radiation, chemo

A

Angiosarcoma

88
Q

What disease?

Caused by vascular malignancy and infection with HHV8

A

Kaposi sarcoma

89
Q

What disease?

Most commonly seen in HIV/AIDS, affects mostly men, classic form seen in Med, Eastern Europe, Central Equatorial Africa, endemic form seen in Africa, iatrogenic form seen in recipients of solid organ transplants

A

Kaposi sarcoma

90
Q

What disease?

Multiple blue/purple macules, plaques Nodules on face/oral mucosa Predilection for hard palate, gingiva, tongue, and skin

A

Kaposi sarcoma

91
Q

What disease?

Tx involves managing HIV/AIDS and chemo

A

Kaposi sarcoma

92
Q

What disease?

Caused by chronic inflammatory disorder, T-cell mediated immune response, affects temporal artery

A

Giant cell arteritis

93
Q

What disease?

New facial pain
Headache
Fever
Fatigue
Visual disturbance
Rarely tongue necrosis
Irreversible vision loss if untreated

A

Giant cell arteritis

94
Q

What disease?

Diagnosed by elevated C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate; temporal artery biopsy

A

Giant cell arteritis

95
Q

What does the temporal artery biopsy show in giant cell arteritis?

A

Granulomatous inflammation with multi-nucleated giant cells

96
Q

What disease?

Tx is immediate high dose corticosteroids

A

Giant cell arteritis

97
Q

What disease?

Caused by hypersensitivity response (inhaled infectious or environmental antigen)

A

Granulomatosis with polyangitis

98
Q

What disease?

Affects any age, but often middle aged adults

A

Granulomatosis with polyangitis

99
Q

What disease?

Clinical presentation:
URT = sinusitis, nasal ulcers, epistaxis
LRT = cough, chest pain
Renal = hematuria, proteinuria, glomerulonephritis
General = fever, weight loss, arthralgia
Oral = strawberry gingivitis, vascular erythematous gingival lesion

A

Granulomatosis with polyangitis

100
Q

What disease?

Diagnosed by biopsy showing necrotizing granulomas and vasculitis; elevated anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic ABs

A

Granulomatosis with polyangitis

101
Q

What disease?

Tx is steroids and other immunosuppressive drugs

A

Granulomatosis with polyangitis

D2 Fall (46 decks)

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