Gen Path Exam 2 - Neoplasia Flashcards
New growth
Neoplasia
Loss of normal growth control; cells start doing their own thing, “transformed”
Neoplasia
Parasitic and autonomous qualities
Neoplasia
Study of neoplasms (tumors)
Oncology
What is the spectrum of neoplasia?
Benign -> locally aggressive -> intermediate malignant -> malignant
What are the 2 anatomic components of tumors?
Parenchyma
Stroma
Neoplastic cells; determines how a tumor is named
Parenchyma
Supporting CT and vasculature
Stroma
Degree of resemblance of tumor cells to parent cells
Differentiation
More resemblance between tumor cells and parent cells
Well differentiated (“low grade”)
Little resemblance between tumor cells and parent cells
Poorly differentiated (“high grade”)
Dedifferentiated or undifferentiated
Anaplasia
What does increased/abnormal DNA replication lead to (“poorly differentiated”)? (6)
Pleomorphism
Nuclear hyperchromatism
Increased nuclear/cytoplasmic ratio
Atypical nuclei
Numerous and atypical mitoses
Prominent nucleoli
A microscopic, potentially reversible, altered growth or maturation pattern
Dysplasia
In epithelial tissues (cervix, oral mucosa), it is precancerous and may progress to malignancy
Dysplasia
What is seen under the microscope in precancerous epithelial tissues undergoing dysplasia?
Disorderly:
Maturation
Pleomorphism
Mitotic activity
In bone lesions, it does NOT imply a precancerous state, just altered growth
Dysplasia
Dysplastic changes involving the full-
thickness of the epithelium
Carcinoma in-situ
Known as the most advanced stage of dysplasia
Carcinoma in-situ
Still a pre-invasive (precancerous) state, so
not cancer
Carcinoma in-situ
Clinical appearance, anatomic site, or
cell type (root word) + “oma”
Benign epithelial tumors
Named for appearance- finger-like epithelial
projections overlying cores of vascular fibrous CT
Papilloma
Arises from surface epithelium (Squamous-
skin, larynx, tongue; Transitional- bladder,
ureter, renal pelvis)
Papilloma
Benign tumor of glandular epithelium; can have many variants
Adenoma
Characterized by adenomatous papillary processes that extend into cystic spaces, as in cystadenoma of the ovary
Papillary cystadenoma
Most often named by tissue of origin
Benign mesenchymal
Fibrous tissue (benign mesenchymal)
Fibroma
Cartilaginous (benign mesenchymal)
Chondroma
Smooth muscle (benign mesenchymal)
Leiomyoma
Skeletal muscle (benign mesenchymal)
Rhabdomyoma
Fat (benign mesenchymal)
Lipoma
Bone (benign mesenchymal)
Osteoma
Vessels (benign mesenchymal)
Angioma
Pleomorphic adenoma (salivary), fibroadenoma (breast)- only fibrous portion is neoplastic
Benign mixed tumors
Neoplasm with cells derived from more than 1 germ layer, totipotent cells
Teratoma
Disorganized tissue native to the site (non-neoplastic generally)
Hamartoma
Disorganized tissue at unexpected site (non-neoplastic)
Choristoma
A mass that projects above a mucosal surface
Polyp
What are the notable malignant -oma exceptions? (6)
Lymphoma
Melanoma
Mesothelioma
Seminoma
Glioblastoma
Hepatoma
What are the notable non-neoplastic -oma exceptions?
Granuloma (group of macrophages)
Hematoma (bruise)
Root word anatomically or cellularly + “Carcinoma”
Malignant epithelial
Synonym of malignant
Cancer
From squamous epithelium (skin, mouth, esophagus, vagina) or areas of squamous metaplasia (bronchi or cervix)
Squamous cell carcinoma
Marked by production of keratin
Squamous cell carcinoma
From urinary tract epithelium
Transitional cell carcinoma
Glandular origin; includes tumors of GI, mucosa, endometrium, pancreas
Adenocarcinoma
Often shows desmoplasia
Adenocarcinoma
The root word anatomically/cellularly +
“Sarcoma
Malignant mesenchymal
Fibrous (malignant mesenchymal)
Fibrosarcoma
Cartilaginous (malignant mesenchymal)
Chondrosarcoma
Bone (malignant mesenchymal)
Osteosarcoma
Skeletal muscle (malignant mesenchymal)
Rhabdomyosarcoma
Smooth muscle (malignant mesenchymal)
Leiomyosarcoma
Fat (malignant mesenchymal)
Liposarcoma
Vessels (malignant mesenchymal)
Angiosarcoma
Burkitt lymphoma
Hodgkin disease/lymphoma
Wilm’s tumor
Eponyms
Which one is correctly matched?
a. chondroma, non-neoplastic collection of tissue not native to the site
b. angioma, malignant tumor of blood vessels
c. pleomorphic adenoma, a high-grade malignancy of glandular epithelium
d. rhabdomyoma, benign tumor of skeletal muscle
d. rhabdomyoma, benign tumor of skeletal muscle
Name some words often added to describe variants of a tumor’s appearance under the microscope
Cystic, papillary, tubular, solid, etc
Benign or malignant?
Clinical presentation:
Non-cancerous
Slow growing
Local, does not spread, may cause local damage
Surgically removable
Survivable - good prognosis
Benign
Benign or malignant?
Clinical presentation:
Cancerous
Rapid growth
Invade and destroy adjacent tissue
Metastasis = defining feature
Can cause death - poor prognosis
Malignant
Benign or malignant?
Microscopic:
Well-differentiated
Normal mitoses
Encapsulation
Benign
Benign or malignant?
Microscopic:
Well to poorly differentiated (or anaplastic)
Atypical mitoses
Non-encapsulated
Malignant
Benign or malignant?
Rate of growth is slow (months to years)
Benign
Benign or malignant?
Rate of growth affected by hormones, blood supply, pressure constraints
Benign
Benign or malignant?
Rate of growth is variable, may be rapid
Malignant
Benign or malignant?
Rate of growth may outgrow blood supply, leading to necrosis
Malignant
Benign or malignant?
Local invasion capsule at periphery
Benign
Benign or malignant?
Local invasion beyond anatomic tissue boundaries
Malignant