Gen Path Final - Tobacco Flashcards

1
Q

__________ chemicals (xenobiotics) are absorbed through inhalation, ingestion, or skin contact

A

Exogenous

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2
Q

Exogenous chemicals can be _________ through exhalation or cause local damage (direct-acting) and/or absorption into blood and distributed throughout body

A

eliminated

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3
Q

Many exogenous chemicals are _________, requiring metabolism to a water-soluble product (detoxification) and excretion in urine or feces

A

lipophilic

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4
Q

Some exogenous chemicals are chemically changed to a _________ ___________; this is an indirect-acting chemical

A

toxic metabolite

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5
Q

1 cause of preventable death in the US

A

Smoking-related illness

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6
Q

What are the 3 fates of a xenobiotic once it has entered the body?

A

Storage
Excretion
Toxicity

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7
Q

Xenobiotics that have become toxic have effects on __________ ___________ such as enzymes, receptors, membranes, DNA

A

cellular molecules

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8
Q

T/F: More than 10x as many people in the US have died as a result of cigarette smoking than have died in all the wars fought by the United States in its entire history

A

True

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9
Q

Main components of tobacco

A

Nicotine
Formaldehyde
CO
> 60 carcinogens

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10
Q

Which component of tobacco?

Basis for addiction, not carcinogenic

A

Nictoine

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11
Q

Which component of tobacco?

Toxic to cilia

A

Formaldehyde

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12
Q

Which component of tobacco?

Causes hypoxia

A

CO

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13
Q

Which component of tobacco?

2 biggest groups are polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons + nitrosamines

A

Carcinogens

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14
Q

What are the 2 key steps of carcinogenesis?

A

Initiation
Promotion

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15
Q

Initiation or promotion?

Tobacco’s chemicals form adducts mainly w/ DNA (covalently bound)

A

Initiation

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16
Q

Initiation or promotion?

If unrepaired, DNA replication predisposes to mutation; oncogenes (RAS) + tumor suppressor genes (p53) are common targets

A

Initiation

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17
Q

Initiation or promotion?

Do not cause mutations, but they induce cell proliferation of initiated/mutated cells

A

Promotion

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18
Q

Initiation or promotion?

Increased division of mutated cells predisposes to new mutations that can lead to cancer formation

A

Promotion

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19
Q

Initiation or promotion?

Examples: hormones, drugs, chronic inflammation

A

Promotion

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20
Q

What is associated with the following cancers?
Lung, oral, laryngeal, esophagus, stomach, pancreas, kidney, bladder, cervix, bone marrow, liver, colon

A

Tobacco smoke

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21
Q

Relative cancer risk is dose dependent, increasing with ________. Expressed as pack-years. Packs smoked each day multiplied by number of years smoking

A

time

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22
Q

T/F: There is a multiplicative/synergistic risk of cancer from cigs when combined with alcohol

A

True

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23
Q

What does tobacco smoking increase and decrease in the body?

A

Increases platelet aggregation + O2 demand
Decreases O2 supply

24
Q

What does the following effect of tobacco smoke lead to?

Increases platelet aggregation + O2 demand
Decreases O2 supply

A

Atherosclerosis
MI
Stroke

25
Q

Tobacco smoke has direct irritants which produce inflammation + increased mucus. What does this lead to?

A

Chronic bronchitis

26
Q

Tobacco smoke recruits PMNs, which causes elastase production. What does this lead to?

A

Emphysema
COPD

27
Q

What does tobacco smoke increase the risk of developing?

A

Type 2 diabetes
RA
Macular degeneration
Ectopic pregnancy
ED

28
Q

What does tobacco smoke exacerbate?

A

Asthma
Diabetes
Vascular disease
Osteoporosis

29
Q

What are the oral risks of tobacco smoke?

A

Oral cancer
Perio
Halitosis
Reduced taste
Yellow teeth

30
Q

T/F: There is no risk-free exposure level to environmental tobacco smoke

A

True

31
Q

Causes or exacerbates many conditions
(cancer, respiratory infections, asthma): caused 1/10 of all deaths from smoking-related diseases since 1964 Surgeon General’s report

A

Secondhand smoke

32
Q

Increased cancer (1.3x higher), atherosclerosis and MI, childhood respiratory infections and asthma, and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

A

Secondhand smoke

33
Q

Chemicals from smoked tobacco build up on surfaces over time and may remain for months. There is particular risk to small children but long-term risks are not well
studied

A

Thirdhand smoke

34
Q

Nicotine has a fast onset. How long does it take to reach the brain?

A

8-20 seconds

35
Q

Nicotine is broken down in the liver. How long is the 1/2 life?

A

2 hrs

36
Q

Nicotine binds _________ __________ brain receptors, stimulating catecholamines release from sympathetic neurons. This increases HR, BP, and CO. What does this lead to?

A

nicotinic acetycholine

CHF, peripheral vascular disease, atherosclerosis

37
Q

Nicotine causes “kick” due to adrenaline release from adrenals. What does this lead to?

A

Glucose release -> raises concentration

38
Q

Nicotine indirectly causes release of __________ in pleasure center of brain leading to euphoria and relaxation, which reduces anxiety

A

dopamine

39
Q

Nicotine affects ________ and ___________ brain development and contributes to preterm and still birth

A

fetal; adolescent

40
Q

What are the side effects of nicotine?

A

Dizziness
Irregular sleep
GI problems
Increased clotting
Atherosclerosis

41
Q

Solutions variably contain nicotine, propylene glycol and/or vegetable glycerin, flavorants (diacetyl), heavy metals, volatile
organic compounds and carcinogens

A

Vapes

42
Q

Highly addictive, not for young people or those who do not smoke already (in 2016 FDA made <18yrs illegal)

A

Vapes

43
Q

How long after quitting is there a great reduction in overall mortality and risk of death from cardiovascular diseases?

A

5 yrs

44
Q

Chemical/medicinal effects and textile fiber found in marijuana/hemp

A

Cannibis sativa

45
Q

T/F: Marijuana has up to 50% higher levels of carcinogens than tobacco

A

True

46
Q

Psychoactive portion of marijuana that causes euphoria

A

Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC)

47
Q

Non-intoxicating portion of marijuana that has analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities

A

Cannabidiol (CBD)

48
Q

Cannabis with > 0.3% THC

A

Marijuana

49
Q

Cannabis with < 0.3% THC

A

Hemp

50
Q

T/F: The % of THC has increased over time

A

True

51
Q

What has the FDA approved medical marijuana for?

A

Seizures
Nausea from chemo

52
Q

What effect of marijuana?

Distorts sensory perception and motor coordination

A

Acute effects

53
Q

What effect of marijuana?

Affects cognition (judgement of time, speed, distance), associated with disrupted memory, attention, learning, reduced educational attainment, psychosis/schizophrenia, mood + anxiety disorders, suicidal behaviors

A

Chronic effects

54
Q

T/F: Marijuana causes lung disease because it has 3x tar levels as tobacco (bronchitis, asthma)

A

True

55
Q

What % of users are addicted to marijuana?

A

30%