Gen Path Exam 2 - Respiratory Pathology Flashcards
What disease category?
Pneumonia
Infectious
What disease category?
TB
Infectious
What disease category?
COPD
Injury
What disease category?
Chronic bronchitis
Injury
What disease category?
Emphysema
Injury
What disease category?
Sarcoidosis
Immune-mediated
What disease category?
Asthma
Immune-mediated
What disease category?
Lung cancer
Neoplastic
What is the primary function of the lungs?
Gas exchange
What is the site of gas exchange in the lungs?
Alveoli
What disease?
Caused by infection of the lung
Pneumonia
In pneumonia, what does an infection of the lung cause?
Inflammation
Neutrophilic exudate
What disease?
Often follows a viral upper-respiratory tract infection
Pneumonia
What disease?
Most often bacterial, but can be viral or fungal
Pneumonia
What is the most common cause of community-acquired acute pneumonia?
Strep pneumoniae
What is the most common cause of pneumonia in children and young adults?
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
What are the 4 common bacteria that cause pneumonia?
Strep pneumoniae
Mycoplasma pneumoniae
Haemophilus influenzae
Klebsiella pneumoniae
What disease?
Can be community-acquired, health care-associated, or hospital-acquired
Pneumonia
Why do the lungs get infected?
Airborne microbes are inhaled
Nasopharyngeal flora aspirated during sleep
Other lung diseases lower local immune defenses
What disease?
Demographics include children, elderly, smokers, immunocompromised, COPD
Pneumonia
What disease?
Clinical presentation includes fever, chills, productive cough, possible hemoptysis
Pneumonia
Coughing up blood
Hemoptysis
What disease?
Diagnosis includes sputum culture and CBC
Pneumonia
In pneumonia, what will you see in the CBC?
Leukocytosis
Left shift
Elevated WBC count
Leukocytosis
Increase in immature neutrophils
Left shift
Increase in mature white blood cells
Right shift
Immature white blood cells in the _______ convert to mature white blood cells in the ________
left; right
In pneumonia, what is the treatment for bacterial origin?
Antibiotics
In pneumonia, what is the treatment for viral origin?
Supportive care
In pneumonia, what is the treatment for fungal origin?
Antifungal
What are the complications of pneumonia?
Tissue destruction and necrosis
Spread of infection to pleural cavity
Bacterial dissemination to critical structures
In pneumonia, what can tissue destruction and necrosis lead to?
Abscess formation
In pneumonia, what can spread of infection to pleural cavity lead to?
Emphysema
In pneumonia, what can bacterial dissemination to critical structures lead to?
Metastatic abscesses
Endocarditis
Meningitis
Suppurative arthritis
What bacteria causes TB?
Mycobacterium tuberculosis
Primary or secondary TB?
Spread via airborne droplets
Primary TB
Primary or secondary TB?
Alveolar macrophages engulf bacteria
Primary TB
Primary or secondary TB?
Cell-mediated immunity results in hypersensitivity to tubercular antigens
Primary TB
Primary or secondary TB?
TH1 cells cause formation of caseating granulomas
Primary TB
What 2 things can happen if primary TB is not controlled?
Cavitation
Dissemination
Pathologic cavity in lung
Cavitation
(can happen if primary TB is not controlled)
Can occur locally within lung or hematogenous spread
Dissemination
(can happen if primary TB is not controlled)
Widespread infection with multiple organ involvement
Hematogenous spread in TB
Called “miliary” TB
Hematogenous spread in TB
1-2 mm foci of disease, looks like millet seeds
Hematogenous spread in TB
Primary or secondary TB?
Occurs in previously infected host
Secondary TB
Primary or secondary TB?
Reactivation of dormant primary lesions or reinfection
Secondary TB
Primary or secondary TB?
Tissue response can cause cavitation
Secondary TB
Primary or secondary TB?
May disseminate
Secondary TB
What disease?
Demographics include immunocompromised and regions with poverty/crowding
TB
What disease?
Organisms present, may or may not cause symptoms. Not contagious
TB infection
What disease?
Infection causing clinically significant tissue damage and accompanying symptoms. Contagious
TB disease
What disease?
Clinical presentation includes persistent cough, hemoptysis, night sweats, weight loss, fatigue, varying symptoms depending on organs involved
TB
What disease?
Oral manifestation is rare, but possible
TB
What are the possible oral manifestations of TB? What is the most common site?
Chronic ulceration/swelling
Most common site = tongue
What disease?
Calcification of cervical lymph nodes is possible
TB
What disease?
Can be diagnosed by detecting bacteria via culture or PCR amplification
TB
What disease?
Can be diagnosed by skin test
TB
What disease?
Can be diagnosed by chest X-Ray, biopsy, or Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine
TB
What are the 5 ways to diagnose TB?
Detection of mycobacterium tuberculosis (culture, PCR)
Skin test
Chest X-Ray
BCG vaccine
Biopsy
A positive TB skin test shows _____-medaited hypersensitivity to ___________ antigens
Cell-mediated; tubercular
What does a TB skin test NOT differentiate between?
TB infection vs TB disease
T/F: There can be false positive and false negative TB skin test results
True
What can result in a false positive TB skin test?
BCG vaccine
What would you see in a TB biopsy?
Caseating granulomas
+ for AFB (acid-fast bacilli) stain
What disease?
Tx is long term antibiotic regimen
TB
What specific antibiotics are used to treat TB?
“RIPE”
Rifampin
Isoniazid
Pyrazinamide
Ethambutol
In the dental office, what should you do if your pt has had a recent + TB skin test?
Treat as having TB until proven otherwise
Need to see PCP for exam and chest X-Ray
If pt is under medical tx and confirmed to be absent of active TB, they can be treated w/o special precautions