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D2 Fall > Gen Path Exam 2 - Endocrine Pathology > Flashcards

Gen Path Exam 2 - Endocrine Pathology Flashcards

1
Q

Which organ?

Hyperpituitarism

A

Pituitary gland

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2
Q

Which organ?

Pituitary adenoma

A

Pituitary gland

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3
Q

Which organ?

Hyperthyroidism

A

Thyroid gland

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4
Q

Which organ?

Graves disease

A

Thyroid gland

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5
Q

Which organ?

Multinodular goiter

A

Thyroid gland

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6
Q

Which organ?

Hypothyroidism

A

Thyroid gland

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7
Q

Which organ?

Hashimoto thyroiditis

A

Thyroid gland

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8
Q

Which organ?

Thyroid adenoma

A

Thyroid gland

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9
Q

Which organ?

Papillary thyroid carcinoma

A

Thyroid gland

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10
Q

Which organ?

Thyroglossal duct cyst

A

Thyroid gland

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11
Q

Which organ?

Primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

Parathyroid gland

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12
Q

Which organ?

Hypercortisolism (Cushing syndrome)

A

Adrenal gland

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13
Q

Which organ?

Adrenal insufficiency (Addison disease)

A

Adrenal gland

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14
Q

Which organ?

Pheochromocytoma

A

Adrenal gland

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15
Q

Which organ?

Type 1 and 2 diabetes mellitus

A

Pancreas

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16
Q

Which category of disease?

Graves disease

A

Immune mediated

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17
Q

Which category of disease?

Hashimoto thyroiditis

A

Immune mediated

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18
Q

Which category of disease?

Type 1 diabetes mellitus

A

Immune mediated

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19
Q

Which category of disease?

Pituitary adenoma

A

Neoplasia

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20
Q

Which category of disease?

Thyroid adenoma

A

Neoplasia

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21
Q

Which category of disease?

Papillary thyroid carcinoma

A

Neoplasia

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22
Q

Which category of disease?

Pheochromocytoma

A

Neoplasia

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23
Q

Which category of disease?

Thyroglossal duct cyst

A

Developmental

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24
Q

Which category of disease?

Hyperpituitarism

A

Metabolic

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25
Q

Which category of disease?

Hyperthyroidism

A

Metabolic

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26
Q

Which category of disease?

Multinodular goiter

A

Metabolic

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27
Q

Which category of disease?

Hypothyroidism

A

Metabolic

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28
Q

Which category of disease?

Primary and secondary hyperparathyroidism

A

Metabolic

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29
Q

Which category of disease?

Hypercortisolism (cushing syndrome)

A

Metabolic

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30
Q

Which category of disease?

Adrenal insufficiency (addison disease)

A

Metabolic

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31
Q

Which category of disease?

Type 2 diabetes mellitus

A

Metabolic

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32
Q

What are the 2 clinical problems of the endocrine system?

A

Too much hormone
Too little hormone

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33
Q

What are the 2 pathologic problems of the endocrine system?

A

Problem in brain/pituitary
Problem in end organ

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34
Q

“Master gland”

A

Pituitary

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35
Q

The pituitary gland secretes hormones that regulate what?

A

Endocrine glands

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36
Q

What is the anterior pituitary controlled by?

A

Hypothalamus

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37
Q

Where do most problems occur?

A

Anterior pituitary

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38
Q

What are the hormones of the anterior pituitary?

A

GH
Prolactin
TSH
FSH
LH
ACTH

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39
Q

What are the hormones of the posterior pituitary?

A

ADH
Oxytocin

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40
Q

Too much anterior pituitary hormone

A

Hyperpituitarism

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41
Q

What is the most common cause of hyperpituitarism?

A

Pituitary adenoma

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42
Q

What is the clinical presentation of hyperpituitarism?

A

Endocrine abnormalities

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43
Q

Benign tumor of pituitary gland

A

Pituitary adenoma

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44
Q

What disease?

Affects any age, but incidence increases with age

A

Pituitary adenoma

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45
Q

What disease?

Clinical presentation includes headache, vision problems (compression of optic nerve), functional, non-functional, silent

A

Pituitary adenoma

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46
Q

Too much hormone producing

A

Functional clinical presentation

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47
Q

No hormone produced

A

Non-functional clinical presentation

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48
Q

Normal amount of hormone produced

A

Silent clinical presentation

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49
Q

What disease?

Diagnosed by hormone level testing and imaging

A

Pituitary adenoma

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50
Q

What disease?

Tx includes surgery, radiation, meds

A

Pituitary adenoma

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51
Q

What type of growth hormone adenoma?

Pre-puberty

A

Gigantism

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52
Q

What type of growth hormone adenoma?

Generalized increase in body size

A

Gigantism

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53
Q

What type of growth hormone adenoma?

Disproportionately long limbs

A

Gigantism

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54
Q

What type of growth hormone adenoma?

Post-puberty

A

Acromegaly

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55
Q

What type of growth hormone adenoma?

Growth of soft tissue, skin, viscera

A

Acromegaly

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56
Q

What type of growth hormone adenoma?

Enlarged bones of face, hands, feet

A

Acromegaly

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57
Q

What type of adenoma is a growth hormone adenoma?

A

Pituitary adenoma

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58
Q

Primary or secondary problem?

Thyroid growth

A

Primary

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59
Q

Primary or secondary problem?

Hormone synthesis

A

Primary

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60
Q

Primary or secondary problem?

TSH

A

Secondary

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61
Q

What are thyroid lab tests measuring?

A

T3, T4, TSH

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62
Q

Euthryroid (normal) lab results

A

Normal T3, T4, TSH

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63
Q

Primary hyperthyroidism lab results

A

Increased T3, T4
Decreased TSH

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64
Q

Secondary hyperthyroidism lab results

A

Increased T3, T4
Increased TSH

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65
Q

Primary hypothyroidism lab results

A

Decreased T3, T4
Increased TSH

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66
Q

Secondary hypothyroidism lab results

A

Decreased T3, T4
Decreased TSH

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67
Q

What are the most common causes of hyperthyroidism?

A

Graves disease
Multinodular goiter

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68
Q

What disease?

Clinical presentation includes weight loss, tachycardia, heat intolerance, tremor, anxiety, thyroid storm

A

Hyperthyroidism

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69
Q

Abrupt onset of severe hyperthyroidism; medical emergency

A

Thyroid storm

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70
Q

What disease?

Diagnosed by elevated T3 and T4

A

Hyperthyroidism

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71
Q

What disease?

Caused by autoantibodies against TSH receptor

A

Graves disease

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72
Q

What diseases?

Autoimmune

A

Graves disease
Hashimoto thyroiditis

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73
Q

What disease?

Caused by increased thyroid hormones and proliferation of thyroid follicles

A

Graves disease

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74
Q

What disease?

Most common cause of hyperthyroidism

A

Graves disease

75
Q

What disease?

More common in women between 20-40

A

Graves disease

76
Q

What disease?

Clinical presentation includes symptoms of hyperthyroidism, exophthalmos, enlarged thyroid, dermopathy, thyroid storm

A

Graves disease

77
Q

What does exophthalmos look like?

A

Eye bulging

78
Q

Scaly thickening and induration of skin on shins

A

Dermopathy

79
Q

What disease?

Diagnosed by increased T3 and T4, decreased TSH

A

Graves disease

80
Q

What disease?

Tx is anti-thyroid meds, radioactive iodine, surgery

A

Graves disease

81
Q

What disease?

Caused by enlarged thyroid, decreased TH, increased TSH, can result in increased TH with time

A

Multinodular goiter

82
Q

What is the most common cause of decreased thyroid hormone, as seen in multinodular goiter?

A

Dietary iodine deficiency

83
Q

What is the most common manifestation of thyroid disease?

A

Multinodular goiter

84
Q

What causes increased serum TSH, as seen in multinodular goiter?

A

Hypertrophy + hyperplasia of thyroid follicles

85
Q

What disease?

Most common in women

A

Multinodular goiter

86
Q

What disease?

Clinical presentation is enlarged thyroid and causes symptoms of hyperthyroidism over time

A

Multinodular goiter

87
Q

What disease?

Diagnosed by ultrasound, biopsy, thyroid function test

A

Multinodular goiter

88
Q

What disease?

Tx is radioactive iodine, surgery

A

Multinodular goiter

89
Q

Deficiency of thyroid hormone (TH) production

A

Hypothyroidism

90
Q

What are the most common causes of hypothyroidism?

A

Hashimoto thyroiditis
Iodine deficiency

91
Q

What disease?

Clinical presentation includes fatigue, weight gain, cold intolerance, dry skin, constipation

A

Hypothyroidism

92
Q

What disease?

Diagnosed by low circulating T3 and T4

A

Hypothyroidism

93
Q

What disease?

Caused by autoantibodies against thyroid antigens

A

Hashimoto thyroiditis

94
Q

What disease?

Caused by progressive destruction of thyroid epithelial cells

A

Hashimoto thyroiditis

95
Q

What disease?

Caused by inflammatory response

A

Hashimoto thyroiditis

96
Q

What disease?

Genetic component; affects middle-aged women

A

Hashimoto thyroiditis

97
Q

What disease?

Clinical presentation is painless enlargement of thyroid, that is usually diffuse and symmetric

A

Hashimoto thyroiditis

98
Q

What disease?

Clinical presentation includes symptoms of hypothyroidism

A

Hashimoto thyroiditis

99
Q

What disease?

Diagnosed by biopsy, thyroid function test, detection of autoantibodies

A

Hashimoto thyroiditis

100
Q

What are the autoantibodies that are detected when diagnosing Hashimoto thyroiditis?

A

Anti-thyroglobulin antibody
Anti-thyroid peroxidase antibody

101
Q

What disease?

Tx is thyroid replacement therapy

A

Hashimoto thyroiditis

102
Q

What disease?

Caused by benign tumor of thyroid

A

Thyroid adenoma

103
Q

What disease?

Arises from follicular cells

A

Thyroid adenoma

104
Q

What disease?

More common in women ages 30-50

A

Thyroid adenoma

105
Q

What disease?

Clinical presentation includes painless thyroid nodule, symptoms of hyperthyroidism, may be euthyroid

A

Thyroid adenoma

106
Q

What disease?

Diagnosed by ultrasound, biopsy, thyroid function tests

A

Thyroid adenoma

107
Q

What disease?

Tx is to monitor, possibly surgery

A

Thyroid adenoma

108
Q

What disease?

Caused by thyroid malignancy

A

Papillary thyroid carcinoma

109
Q

Is Papillary thyroid carcinoma more common in men or women?

A

Women

110
Q

What disease?

Clinical presentation is a painless thyroid mass, may have lymphadenopathy

A

Papillary thyroid carcinoma

111
Q

Metastasis to regional lymph nodes

A

Lymphadenopathy

112
Q

What disease?

Diagnosed by ultrasound and biopsy

A

Papillary thyroid carcinoma

113
Q

What disease?

Tx is surgery; good prognosis

A

Papillary thyroid carcinoma

114
Q

What disease?

Caused by congenital cyst from remnants of thyroglossal duct

A

Thyroglossal duct cyst

115
Q

What disease?

Present from birth; usually apparent in children/young adults

A

Thyroglossal duct cyst

116
Q

What disease?

Clinical presentation is MIDLINE neck mass, moves with swallowing, can be confused with other neck masses

A

Thyroglossal duct cyst

117
Q

What disease?

Diagnosed by imaging

A

Thyroglossal duct cyst

118
Q

Secretes parathyroid hormone (PTH)

A

Parathyroid gland

119
Q

What does PTH regulate?

A

Ca2+ and phosphate levels

120
Q

What gland plays a crucial role in bone metabolism?

A

Parathyroid gland

121
Q

What disease?

Caused by overproduction of PTH

A

Primary hyperparathyroidism

122
Q

Most commonly due to parathyroid adenoma (benign tumor)

A

Primary hyperparathyroidism

123
Q

What disease?

Most common in women and older adults

A

Primary hyperparathyroidism

124
Q

What disease?

Clinical presentation is hypercalcemia, kidney stones, bone pain, constipation, frequent urination, depression, confusion

A

Primary hyperparathyroidism

125
Q

What disease?

Clinical presentation is “stones,” “bones,” “groans,” “thrones,” and “psychiatric overtones”

A

Primary hyperparathyroidism

stones = kidney/gallbladder
bones = pain
groans = constipation
thrones = frequent urination
psychiatric overtones = depression/confusion

126
Q

What disease?

Diagnosed by increased Ca2+ and PTH, and decreased phosphate

A

Primary hyperparathyroidism

127
Q

What disease?

Tx is surgical removal of adenoma

A

Primary hyperparathyroidism

128
Q

What disease?

Caused by chronic low Ca2+ levels

A

Secondary hyperparathyroidism

129
Q

What disease?

Most often secondary to chronic kidney disease

A

Secondary hyperparathyroidism

130
Q

What disease?

Results in overproduction of PTH by parathyroid

A

Secondary hyperparathyroidism

131
Q

What disease?

Less frequently due to vitamin D deficiency or malabsorption

A

Secondary hyperparathyroidism

132
Q

What disease?

Affects pts with chronic kidney disease

A

Secondary hyperparathyroidism

133
Q

What disease?

Clinical presentation is decreased bone mineralization and calciphylaxis

A

Secondary hyperparathyroidism

134
Q

Decreased bone mineralization

A

Renal osteodystrophy

135
Q

Calcification of blood vessels secondary to hyperphosphatemia

A

Calciphylaxis

136
Q

What disease?

Diagnosed by low or normal Ca2+ levels, high PTH and phosphate levels, and low vitamin D levels

A

Secondary hyperparathyroidism

137
Q

What disease?

Tx is treat underlying cause

A

Secondary hyperparathyroidism

138
Q

Where are the adrenal glands located?

A

On top of each kidney

139
Q

Outer layer of the adrenal gland

A

Cortex

140
Q

Inner layer of the adrenal gland

A

Medulla

141
Q

What is made in the adrenal cortex?

A

Glucocorticoids (cortisol)
Mineralcorticoids (aldosterone)
Androgens

142
Q

What is made in the adrenal medulla?

A

Catecholamines (epi + norepi)

143
Q

Cushing syndrome

A

Hypercortisolism

144
Q

What disease?

Caused by elevated glucocorticoid levels (exogenous + endogenous)

A

Hypercortisolism (cushing syndrome)

145
Q

What causes elevated exogenous glucocorticoid levels in hypercortisolism?

A

Corticosteroid use

146
Q

What causes elevated endogenous glucocorticoid levels in hypercortisolism?

A

ACTH-producing pituitary adenoma (most common)
Ectopic ACTH production (lung cancer)
Adrenal adenoma (benign tumor)

147
Q

What is the most common cause of hypercortisolism?

A

Corticosteroid use

148
Q

What is the 2nd most common cause of hypercortisolism?

A

ACTH-producing pituitary adenoma

149
Q

What disease?

Affects pts taking long-term steroid therapy; more common in women age 20-40

A

Hypercortisolism (cushing syndrome)

150
Q

What disease?

Clinical presentation is hypertension, weight gain, moon facies, buffalo hump, secondary diabetes, cutaneous striae

A

Hypercortisolism (cushing syndrome)

151
Q

What disease?

Diagnosed by elevated ACTH and high levels of excreted corticosteroid in urine

A

Hypercortisolism (cushing syndrome)

152
Q

What disease?

Tx is gradual tapering of exogenous corticosteroids, surgery to remove adrenal/pituitary tumor, meds to reduce cortisol production

A

Hypercortisolism (cushing syndrome)

153
Q

Addison disease

A

Adrenal insufficiency

154
Q

What disease?

Caused by decreased production of cortisol and mineralocorticoids

A

Adrenal insufficiency (addison disease)

155
Q

What is the result of decreased production of cortisol and mineralocorticoids?

A

Increased ACTH

156
Q

What disease?

Caused by autoimmune destruction, TB, sarcoidosis, adrenal hemorrhage, metastatic cancer

A

Adrenal insufficiency (addison disease)

157
Q

Most common cause is autoimmune destruction

A

Adrenal insufficiency (addison disease)

158
Q

What disease?

Affects broad range of people, dependent on cause

A

Adrenal insufficiency (addison disease)

159
Q

What disease?

Clinical presentation is weakness, fatigue, GI symptoms (nausea, vomiting, weight loss, diarrhea), and hyperpigmentation of skin/oral mucosa

A

Adrenal insufficiency (addison disease)

160
Q

What disease?

Diagnosed by low cortisol and high ACTH

A

Adrenal insufficiency (addison disease)

161
Q

What disease?

Tx is glucocorticoid and mineralcorticoid replacement therapy; treatment of underlying condition

A

Adrenal insufficiency (addison disease)

162
Q

What disease?

Caused by benign adrenal tumor, tumor of catecholamine-producing cells, excess epi + norepi, leads to hypertension

A

Pheochromocytoma

163
Q

What disease?

Can be syndromic and sporadic

A

Pheochromocytoma

164
Q

What causes syndromic Pheochromocytoma?

A

Multiple endocrine neoplasia (MEN) types 2A and 2B
Neurofibromatosis type 1

165
Q

What disease?

Broad, can affect anyone

A

Pheochromocytoma

166
Q

What disease?

Clinical presentation is hypertension (episodic or continuous), tachycardia, headache, sweating, tremor

A

Pheochromocytoma

167
Q

What disease?

Diagnosed by urinary excretion of catecholamines and their metabolites

A

Pheochromocytoma

168
Q

What diseases?

Tx is surgical exicision

A

Pheochromocytoma
Thyroglossal duct cyst

169
Q

What hormone?

Targets liver, adipose tissue

A

GH

170
Q

What hormone?

Stimulates growth, metabolism of carbs and lipids

A

GH

171
Q

What hormone?

Target is mammary glands

A

Prolactin

172
Q

What hormone?

Production of milk

A

Prolactin

173
Q

What hormone?

Target is thyroid

A

TSH

174
Q

What hormone?

Secretion of thyroid hormones

A

TSH

175
Q

What hormones?

Target is ovaries, testes

A

FSH
LH

176
Q

What hormone?

Regulates reproductive function

A

FSH

177
Q

What hormone?

Production of sex hormones

A

LH

178
Q

What hormone?

Target is adrenal gland

A

ACTH

179
Q

What hormone?

Secretion of glucocorticoids

A

ACTH

180
Q

Overproduction of what hormone?

Gigantism
Acromegaly

A

GH

181
Q

Overproduction of what hormone?

Galactorrhea, amenorrhea, sexual dysfunction, infertility

A

Prolactin

182
Q

Overproduction of what hormone?

Hyperthyroidism

A

TSH

183
Q

Overproduction of what hormone?

Ovarian hyperstimulation, menstrual irregularities, testicular enlargement, precocious puberty

A

FSH
LH

184
Q

Overproduction of what hormone?

Cushing syndrome
Hyperpigmentation

A

ACTH

D2 Fall (37 decks)

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