Gen Path Exam 1 - Vascular Path and Categories of Diseases Flashcards by A G | Brainscape

Q

What disease category?

Immune Thrombocytopenic Purpura

A

Immune-mediated

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Q

What disease category?

Hemophilia A

A

Developmental

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Q

What disease category?

Hemophilia B

A

Developmental

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Q

What disease category?

Von Willebrand Disease

A

Developmental

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Q

What disease category?

Vitamin K Deficiency

A

Metabolic

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Q

What disease category?

Thrombosis

A

Injury

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Q

What disease category?

Hypercoagulable State

A

Developmental
Immune-mediated
Metabolic

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Q

Primary (genetics) or secondary (acquired) etiology for hypercoagulable state?

Mutations in factor V

A

Primary (genetics)

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Q

Primary (genetics) or secondary (acquired) etiology for hypercoagulable state?

Antithrombin III deficiency

A

Primary (genetics)

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Q

Primary (genetics) or secondary (acquired) etiology for hypercoagulable state?

Protein C or S deficiency

A

Primary (genetics)

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Q

Primary (genetics) or secondary (acquired) etiology for hypercoagulable state?

Fibrinolysis defects

A

Primary (genetics)

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Q

Primary (genetics) or secondary (acquired) etiology for hypercoagulable state?

Homocysteinemia

A

Both

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Q

Primary (genetics) or secondary (acquired) etiology for hypercoagulable state?

Allelic variations in prothrombin levels

A

Primary (genetics)

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Q

Primary (genetics) or secondary (acquired) etiology for hypercoagulable state?

Mutations in methyl tetra hydro folate gene

A

Primary (genetics)

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Q

Primary (genetics) or secondary (acquired) etiology for hypercoagulable state?

Prolonged bed rest or immobilization

A

Secondary (acquired)

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Q

Primary (genetics) or secondary (acquired) etiology for hypercoagulable state?

Tissue damage (surgery, fracture, burns)

A

Secondary (acquired)

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Q

Primary (genetics) or secondary (acquired) etiology for hypercoagulable state?

Cancer

A

Secondary (acquired)

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Q

Primary (genetics) or secondary (acquired) etiology for hypercoagulable state?

MI, prosthetic cardiac valves

A

Secondary (acquired)

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Q

Primary (genetics) or secondary (acquired) etiology for hypercoagulable state?

Dessemianted intravascular coagulation

A

Secondary (acquired)

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Q

Primary (genetics) or secondary (acquired) etiology for hypercoagulable state?

Heparin induced thrombocytopenia

A

Secondary (acquired)

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Q

Primary (genetics) or secondary (acquired) etiology for hypercoagulable state?

Antiphospholipid antibody syndrome

A

Secondary (acquired)

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Q

What disease category?

Embolism

A

Injury

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Q

What disease category?

Hypertension

A

Injury

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Q

What disease category?

Arterioscleorsis

A

Injury

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Q

What disease category?

Atherosclerosis

A

Injury

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Q

What disease category?

Thrombosis

A

Injury

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Q

What disease category?

Hyperlipidemia

A

Metabolic

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Q

What disease category?

Aortic dissection

A

Injury

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Q

What disease category?

Aneurysm (abdominal aortic and thoracic aortic)

A

Injury
Developmental

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Q

What disease category?

Hemangioma

A

Neoplastic

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Q

What disease category?

Angiosarcoma

A

Neoplastic

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Q

What disease category?

Kaposi Sarcoma

A

Neoplastic

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Q

What disease category?

Giant Cell Arteritis

A

Immune-mediated

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Q

What disease category?

Granulomatosis w/ Polyangitis

A

Immune-mediated

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Q

What disease category?

Coronary artery disease

A

Ischemic heart disease

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Q

What disease category?

Angina pectoris

A

Ischemic heart disease

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Q

What disease category?

MI

A

Ischemic heart disease

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Q

What disease category?

Chronic ischemic heart disease

A

Ischemic heart disease

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Q

What disease category?

Congestive heart disease

A

Developmental

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Q

What disease category?

Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis

A

Developmental

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Q

What disease category?

Arrhythmias

A

Developmental

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Q

What disease category?

Atrial septal defect

A

Congenital

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Q

What disease category?

Patent foramen ovale

A

Congenital

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Q

What disease category?

Ventricular septal defect

A

Congenital

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Q

What disease category?

Patent ductus arteriosus

A

Congenital

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Q

What disease category?

Coarctation of aorta

A

Congenital

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Q

What disease category?

Transposition of great arteries

A

Congenital

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Q

What disease category?

Tetralogy of fallot

A

Congenital

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Q

What disease category?

Mitral valve prolapse

A

Valvular heart disease

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Q

What disease category?

Mitral stenosis

A

Valvular heart disease

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Q

What disease category?

Mitral regurgitation

A

Valvular heart disease

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Q

What disease category?

Aortic regurgitation

A

Valvular heart disease

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Q

What disease category?

Infective endocarditis

A

Infectious

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Q

What disease category?

Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy

A

Myocardial disease

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Q

What disease category?

Aortic (valve) stenosis

A

Valvular heart disease

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Q

What disease category?

Rheumatic fever

A

Immune-mediated

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Q

What disease category?

Dilated cardiomyopathy

A

Myocardial disease

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Q

What disease category?

Restrictive cardiomyopathy

A

Myocardial disease

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Q

What disease category?

Hydropericardium

A

Pericardial disease

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Q

What disease category?

Hemopericardium

A

Pericardial disease

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Q

What disease category?

Acute pericarditis

A

Pericardial disease

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Q

What disease category?

Myxoma

A

Neoplastic

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Q

What disease category?

Rhabdomyoma

A

Neoplastic

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Q

What disease category?

Metastatic tumors

A

Neoplastic

Q

What disease?

ABs against platelet membrane glycoproteins IIb/IIIa or Ib/IX complexes

A

Immune thrombocytopenic purpura

Q

What disease?

Affects women between 20-40

A

Immune thrombocytopenic purpura

Q

What disease?

Clinical presentation includes petechiae, easy bruising, epitaxis (nose bleed), gingival bleeding, hemorrhage after minor trauma

A

Immune thrombocytopenic purpura

Q

What disease?

Tx includes immunosuppressive drugs and splenectomy (spleen is site of anti-platelet AB production)

A

Immune thrombocytopenic purpura

Q

What disease?

Deficiency of factor VIII; X-linked recessive

A

Hemophilia A

Q

What diseases?

Clinical presentation includes easy bruising, massive hemorrhage after trauma, spontaneous bleeding into joints

A

Hemophilia A and B

Q

What disease?

Diagnosed by prolonged partial thromboplastin time

A

Hemophilia A and B
Von Willebrand Disease

Q

What disease?

Most common inherited bleeding disorder

A

Von Willebrand Disease

Q

What disease?

Clinical presentation can be mild, mucosal bleeding, easy bruising

A

Von Willebrand Disease

Q

What disease?

Tx is desmopressin

A

Von Willebrand Disease

(desmopressin increases vWF and factor VIII)

Q

What disease?

Caused by inadequate dietary intake, malabsorption, and inhibition of certain meds (ex: warfarin)

A

Vitamin K deficiency

Q

What disease?

Demographics include newborns, long-term AB use, malabsorption syndromes

A

Vitamin K deficiency

Q

What disease?

Diagnosed by prolonged partial thromboplastin time and low levels of vitamin K dependent clotting factors

A

Vitamin K deficiency

Q

What disease?

Tx is vitamin K supplements and fresh frozen plasma

A

Vitamin K deficiency

Q

What are the vitamin K dependent clotting factors?

A

Prothrombin
Factor VII, IX, X

Q

What disease?

Caused by complete or partial obstruction of vessel by blood clot and Virchow’s triad

A

Thrombosis

Q

What is Virchow’s triad?

A

Endothelial injury
Stasis or turbulent blood flow
Hypercoagulability

Q

What disease?

Affects anyone; more common with increased age, atherosclerosis, and immobility

A

Thrombosis

Q

What disease?

Tx is anticoagulant

A

Thrombosis

Q

What disease?

Arterial: ischemia and infarction of tissue, MI, stroke, peripheral artery disease

Venous: pain, swelling, redness of affected limb, risk of pulmonary embolism

A

Thrombosis

Q

What disease?

Tx is anticoagulant, thrombolytic therapy, surgical intervention, risk factor modification (stop smoking, manage hypertension)

A

Thrombosis

Q

What disease?

Clinical presentation is recurrent thrombosis

A

Hypercoagulable state

Q

What disease?

Diagnosed by genetic testing, antiphospholipid AB testing, and increased levels of procoagulant factors

A

Hypercoagulable state

Q

What disease?

Tx is long term anticoagulation therapy and managing underlying condition

A

Hypercoagulable state

Q

What disease?

Caused by blood clot dislodging and obstructing a vessel; can also occur with fat, air, amniotic fluid

A

Embolism

Q

What disease?

Risk factors are DVT, surgery, trauma

A

Embolism

Q

What disease?

Clinical presentation of pulmonary is shortness of breath, chest pain, cough

Clinical presentation of stroke is sudden weakness or numbness on one side, difficulty speaking

A

Embolism

Q

What disease?

Diagnosed by CT pulmonary angiography, MRI, CT, echocardiography

A

Embolism

Q

What disease?

Tx is anticoagulation therapy, thrombolytic therapy, surgical intervention

A

Embolism

Q

What disease?

Primary: decreased renal Na+ excretion, increased vascular resistance, smoking, stress, obesity, inactivity, high dietary Na+

Secondary: primary renal disease, renal artery narrowing, adrenal disorders

A

Hypertension

Q

What disease?

Affects over 25% of population

A

Hypertension

Q

Normal BP

A

<120/80

Q

Elevated BP

A

120-129/<80

Q

Stage 1 hypertension BP

A

130-139/80-89

Q

Stage 2 hypertension BP

A

140/90 or greater

Q

What disease?

Tx is meds, weight loss, Na+ restriction, increase activity, limit alcohol, dietary changes

A

Hypertension

Q

What disease?

Caused by hardening of arteries, arterial wall thickening, loss of elasticity, atherosclerosis (most common)

A

Arteriosclerosis

Q

What disease?

Caused by atheromatus plaques on vessel walls impinging on lumen and can calcify

A

Atherosclerosis

Q

What disease?

Risk factors are genetics, family history, aging, males, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, smoking, diabetes, inflammation

A

Atherosclerosis

Q

What disease?

Diagnosed by coronary Ca2+ stain

A

Atherosclerosis

Q

What disease?

Tx is to tackle modifiable risk factors such as decreasing cholesterol, increasing omega 3 fatty acids, exercise, statins, treat hypertension/diabetes, quit smoking

A

Atherosclerosis

Q

What is the most common cause of death in the US?

A

Sequelae of atherosclerosis

Q

Name 3 possible sequelae of atherosclerosis?

A

Stenosis
Plaque rupture or erosion
Weaken medial wall

Q

Describe the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis

A

Chronic damage to endothelium
Lipids leak in
Inflammatory response makes damaged endothelium sticky
Leukocytes and monocytes adhere
Macrophages ingest lipids + create foam cells
SM proliferation
Collagen + ECM deposition

Q

What are the 3 parts of the natural history of atherosclerosis?

A

Fatty streaks
Atherosclerotic plaque
Advanced/vulnerable plaque

Q

What disease?

Caused by increased lipids in blood, primary (genetic), secondary (diabetes, obesity, lifestyle)

A

Hyperlipidemia

Q

What disease?

Common in adults but more prevalent with aging, poor diet, and lack of activity

A

Hyperlipidemia

Q

What disease?

Clinical presentation is asymptomatic, heart attack, stroke, xanthelasma (patch on eyelid)

A

Hyperlipidemia

Q

What disease?

Diagnosed by lipid panel (cholesterol, LDL, HDL, triglycerides)

A

Hyperlipidemia

Q

What disease?

Tx is meds, modify lifestyle (decrease fats and cholesterol, increase fiber and omega 3)

A

Hyperlipidemia

Q

What disease?

Caused by a tear in intima layer of aorta, allowing blood to flow btwn layers of vessel wall

A

Aortic dissection

Q

What disease?

More common in men btwn 40-60, young pts with CT abnormalities (Marfan syndrome), smokers, and pts with hypertension

A

Aortic dissection

Q

What disease?

Clinical presentation is severe sudden chest pain that may radiate to back

A

Aortic dissection

Q

What disease?

Tx is rapid BP control and surgical repair

A

Aortic dissection

Q

What disease?

Caused by dilation of blood vessels or heart, occurs when structural integrity of arterial media is compromised

A

Aneurysm

Q

What disease?

Affects those with inadequate CT synthesis (genetic), excessive CT degradation (increased MMPs), loss of SM cells or change in phenotype (atherosclerosis, hypertension)

A

Aneurysm

Q

This type of aneurysm affects all 3 layers of artery

A

True aneurysm

Q

This type of aneurysm is a wall defect that leads to hematoma

A

False aneurysm

Q

What disease?

Caused by localized dilation of abdominal aorta, most often due to atherosclerosis, less common causes are genetics, infection, trauma

A

Abdominal aortic aneurysm

Q

What disease?

Affects men > 50; risk factors are smoking, hypertension, atherosclerosis

A

Abdominal aortic aneurysm

Q

What disease?

Asymptomatic until rupture; sudden, severe pain indicates rupture

A

Abdominal aortic aneurysm

Q

What diseases?

Tx is monitoring or surgical repair when large or symptomatic

A

Abdominal aortic aneurysm
Thoracic aortic aneurysm

Q

What disease?

Caused by dilation of thoracic aorta and most often due to hypertension, Marfan syndrome, bicuspid aortic valves

A

Thoracic aortic aneurysm

Q

What disease?

Consequences:
Obstruction of branch of aorta
Embolism
Impingement on adjacent structure
Abdominal mass
Rupture

A

Abdominal aortic aneurysm

Q

What disease?

Common in older men; risk factors are smoking, hypertension, CT disorder

A

Thoracic aortic aneurysm

Q

What disease?

Can be asymptomatic or cause chest pain, shortness of breath, impinge on nearby structures (hoarseness, can’t swallow, cough), or rupture

A

Thoracic aortic aneurysm

Q

What disease?

Diagnosed by CT angiography

A

Thoracic aortic aneurysm

Q

What disease?

Caused by benign tumor composed of blood vessels; often congenital

A

Hemangioma

Q

What disease?

Common in infancy and more often affects females

A

Hemangioma

Q

What disease?

Clinical presentation is red/purple, flat to nodular, and usually regresses by age 10

A

Hemangioma

Q

What disease?

Diagnosed by clinical exam, imaging, or biopsy

A

Hemangioma

Q

What disease?

Tx is observation, laser therapy, surgical excision, meds

A

Hemangioma

Q

What disease?

Malignant tumor arising from endothelial cells

A

Angiosarcoma

Q

What disease?

Affects older adults; risk factors are prior radiation, chronic lymphedema, and exposure to specific chemicals

A

Angiosarcoma

Q

What disease?

Clinical presentation is rapidly growing mass, may ulcerate and bleed, and has predilection for skin, liver breast (but can occur anywhere)

A

Angiosarcoma

Q

What disease?

Tx is surgical excision, chemo, radiation

A

Angiosarcoma

Q

What disease?

Caused by vascular malignancy and infection with HHV8

A

Kaposi sarcoma

Q

What disease?

Most commonly seen in HIV/AIDS, affects mostly men, classic form seen in Med, Eastern Europe, Central Equatorial Africa, endemic form seen in Africa, iatrogenic form seen in recipients of solid organ transplants

A

Kaposi sarcoma

Q

What disease?

Clinical presentation is multiple blue/purple macules, plaques, and nodules on face/oral mucosa and has predilection for hard palate, gingiva, tongue, and skin

A

Kaposi sarcoma

Q

What disease?

Tx involves managing HIV/AIDS and chemo

A

Kaposi sarcoma

Q

What disease?

Caused by chronic inflammatory disorder, T-cell mediated immune response, affects temporal artery

A

Giant cell arteritis

Q

What disease?

Affects adults > 50

A

Giant cell arteritis

Q

What disease?

Clinical presentation is new facial pain, headache, fever, fatigue, visual disturbance, rarely tongue necrosis, irreversible vision loss if untreated

A

Giant cell arteritis

Q

What disease?

Diagnosed by elevated C-reactive protein and erythrocyte sedimentation rate; temporal artery biopsy

A

Giant cell arteritis

Q

What does the temporal artery biopsy show in giant cell arteritis?

A

Granulomatous inflammation with multi-nucleated giant cells

Q

What disease?

Tx is immediate high dose corticosteroids

A

Giant cell arteritis

Q

What disease?

Caused by hypersensitivity response (inhaled infectious or environmental antigen)

A

Granulomatosis with polyangitis

Q

What disease?

Affects any age, but often middle aged adults

A

Granulomatosis with polyangitis

Q

What disease?

Clinical presentation:
URT = sinusitis, nasal ulcers, epistaxis
LRT = cough, chest pain
Renal = hematuria, proteinuria, glomerulonephritis
General = fever, weight loss, arthralgia
Oral = strawberry gingivitis, vascular erythematous gingival lesion

A

Granulomatosis with polyangitis

Q

What disease?

Diagnosed by biopsy showing necrotizing granulomas and vasculitis; elevated anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic ABs

A

Granulomatosis with polyangitis

Q

What disease?

Tx is steroids and other immunosuppressive drugs

A

Granulomatosis with polyangitis

Q

What disease?

Low platelet count, less than 150,000 platelets/ul

(normal is 150,000 - 450,000)

A

Thrombocytopenia

Q

What disease?

Causes include decreased production (bone marrow dysfunction, drug related, HIV), increased destruction (auto-immune or non-immunologic), hypersplenism, or multiple transfusions

A

Thrombocytopenia

Q

What disease?

Post-traumatic bleeding risk when less than 50,000 platelets/ul

A

Thrombocytopenia