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VMS 2009 > Vascular disorders II > Flashcards

Vascular disorders II Flashcards

1
Q

Name 5 things that can cause Thrombosis

A
  1. Physical injury
  2. Infectious agents
  3. Abnormal blood flow
  4. Inflammatory mediators
  5. Metabolic abnormalities
  6. Toxins
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2
Q

What are the two different types of thrombosis?

A

Arterial and Venous

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3
Q

Describe arterial thrombosis

A

The thrombus goes with the flow of blood
it causes an increase in platelets and fibrin

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4
Q

Describe venous thrombosis

A

A more “hap-hazard” growth of a thrombus, it tends to block the whole vein

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5
Q

What does hyperestrogenic mean?

A

Pregnant Women have a higher likelihood for thrombosis due to the estrogen

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6
Q

Name 5 different types of emboli

A
  • Systemic
  • Pulmonary
  • Fat
  • Air
  • Amniotic fluid
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7
Q

What is propagation in terms of a thrombus

A

Growth of the thrombus

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8
Q

What is embolization in terms of a thrombus

A

Thrombus breaking

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9
Q

What is dissolution in terms of a thrombus

A

When the thrombus disappears due to fibrinolysis

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10
Q

What is organisation in terms of a thrombus

A

Connective tissue can grow into the clot leading to a more stable structure- may restore normal blood flow

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11
Q

What is recanalisation in terms of a thrombus

A

New blood vessels are produced to continue blood flow

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12
Q

What does a pulmonary embolism cause?

A

It causes acute death

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13
Q

Why should you not use alcohol when staining a fat embolism?

A

alcohol dissolves fat

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14
Q

What is a gas/ air emboli?

A

when gas enters blood vessels, e.g the bends

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15
Q

What is infarction?

A

Obstruction of the blood supply to an organ or region of tissue, typically by a thrombus or embolus

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16
Q

What is a red infarct?

A

Any organ with dual circulation
Venoous occlusions
and the blood collects

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17
Q

What is a white infarct?

A

Arterial occlusion
In organs with end arterial circulation
e.g heart, spleen kidney

(areas where there is no blood= it turns white and there is no oxygenation)

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18
Q

Name 4 factors that influence the development of an infarct

A
  • Anatomy of the vascular supply
  • Rate of occlusion
  • Tissue vulnerability to hypoxia
  • Hypoxemia
19
Q

What are the four different types of shock?

A
  • Cardiogenic
  • Hypovolemic
  • Septic
  • Neurogenic
20
Q

What does cardiogenic shock do?

A

Causes a reduction in the hearts ability to pump e.g an obstruction

21
Q

What causes hypovolaemic shock do?

A

Causes a loss in fluids, e.g in burns

22
Q

What causes septic shock?

A

Infectious agents, such as circulatory abnormalities

23
Q

What kind of bacteria is septic shock usually associated with?

A
  • Gram negative bacteria
24
Q

What do neurogenic and anaphylactic shock cause?

A

vasodilation and hyperperfusion

25
Q

What is congestion?

A

Passive, associated with stasis, reduced venous outflow

26
Q

What is hyperaemia

A

Increased blood flow

27
Q

What is haemorrhage?

A

Blood flow out of the vessels

28
Q

What is oedema

A

accumulation of fluid in tissues

29
Q

What is an effusion?

A

Accumulation of body fluid in body cavities

30
Q

What are the four main ways accumulation (oedema and effusion) occur?

A
  1. Increased hydrostatic pressure
  2. Reduced plasma osmotic pressure
  3. Sodium and water retention
  4. Lymphatic obstruction
31
Q

Why does increased hydrostatic pressure cause oedema and effusion?

A

There is impaired venous return/ blood stasis and the heart doesn’t pump

32
Q

Whyd oes reduced plasma osmotic pressure cause oedema and effusion?

A

inadequate synthesis of albumin causes fluid loss therefore not enough protein is produced

33
Q

Why does sodium and water retention cause oedema and effusion

A

Increased salt intake= increased hydrostatic pressure

34
Q

Why does lymphatic obstruction cause increased oedema and effusion

A

If the lymphatics do not absorb water in the tissues= accumulation

35
Q

Name 4 things that can cause lymphatic obstruction

A
  1. Trauma
  2. Neoplasia
  3. Inflammatory
  4. Fibrosis
36
Q

What are the two main effusions in cavities

A

Exudate and Transudate

37
Q

What are some factors about exudate

A
  1. High in proteins
  2. Associated with inflammation
38
Q

What are some transudate identifiers?

A
  1. Protein poor
  2. Translucent
  3. Straw coloured
39
Q

What is laminar flow and what can its disruption cause?

A

Laminar flow is the parallel flow of blood down a vessel
disruption can cause thrombosis

40
Q

Name 5 acquired secondary factors that will lead to an increased risk of thrombosis

A
  1. Hyperestrogenic
  2. Age
  3. Cancer
  4. Increased synthesis of coagulation factors
  5. Reduced synthesis of coagulation factors
41
Q

What is an embolus?

A

When a thrombus detaches itself and circulates through the blood

42
Q

What is the difference between red and white infarct?

A
  • Red infarct is assocaited with loose spongy tissues that have a dual blood supply
  • White infarct is associated with solid organs that have a singular blood supply
43
Q

What is lymphatic obstruction?

A

Blockage of lymph vessels that drain fluid from tissues throughout the body and allow immune cells to travel where they are needed

VMS 2009 (45 decks)

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