Vascular disorders II Flashcards
Name 5 things that can cause Thrombosis
- Physical injury
- Infectious agents
- Abnormal blood flow
- Inflammatory mediators
- Metabolic abnormalities
- Toxins
What are the two different types of thrombosis?
Arterial and Venous
Describe arterial thrombosis
The thrombus goes with the flow of blood
it causes an increase in platelets and fibrin
Describe venous thrombosis
A more “hap-hazard” growth of a thrombus, it tends to block the whole vein
What does hyperestrogenic mean?
Pregnant Women have a higher likelihood for thrombosis due to the estrogen
Name 5 different types of emboli
- Systemic
- Pulmonary
- Fat
- Air
- Amniotic fluid
What is propagation in terms of a thrombus
Growth of the thrombus
What is embolization in terms of a thrombus
Thrombus breaking
What is dissolution in terms of a thrombus
When the thrombus disappears due to fibrinolysis
What is organisation in terms of a thrombus
Connective tissue can grow into the clot leading to a more stable structure- may restore normal blood flow
What is recanalisation in terms of a thrombus
New blood vessels are produced to continue blood flow
What does a pulmonary embolism cause?
It causes acute death
Why should you not use alcohol when staining a fat embolism?
alcohol dissolves fat
What is a gas/ air emboli?
when gas enters blood vessels, e.g the bends
What is infarction?
Obstruction of the blood supply to an organ or region of tissue, typically by a thrombus or embolus
What is a red infarct?
Any organ with dual circulation
Venoous occlusions
and the blood collects
What is a white infarct?
Arterial occlusion
In organs with end arterial circulation
e.g heart, spleen kidney
(areas where there is no blood= it turns white and there is no oxygenation)
Name 4 factors that influence the development of an infarct
- Anatomy of the vascular supply
- Rate of occlusion
- Tissue vulnerability to hypoxia
- Hypoxemia
What are the four different types of shock?
- Cardiogenic
- Hypovolemic
- Septic
- Neurogenic
What does cardiogenic shock do?
Causes a reduction in the hearts ability to pump e.g an obstruction
What causes hypovolaemic shock do?
Causes a loss in fluids, e.g in burns
What causes septic shock?
Infectious agents, such as circulatory abnormalities
What kind of bacteria is septic shock usually associated with?
- Gram negative bacteria
What do neurogenic and anaphylactic shock cause?
vasodilation and hyperperfusion
What is congestion?
Passive, associated with stasis, reduced venous outflow
What is hyperaemia
Increased blood flow
What is haemorrhage?
Blood flow out of the vessels
What is oedema
accumulation of fluid in tissues
What is an effusion?
Accumulation of body fluid in body cavities
What are the four main ways accumulation (oedema and effusion) occur?
- Increased hydrostatic pressure
- Reduced plasma osmotic pressure
- Sodium and water retention
- Lymphatic obstruction
Why does increased hydrostatic pressure cause oedema and effusion?
There is impaired venous return/ blood stasis and the heart doesn’t pump
Whyd oes reduced plasma osmotic pressure cause oedema and effusion?
inadequate synthesis of albumin causes fluid loss therefore not enough protein is produced
Why does sodium and water retention cause oedema and effusion
Increased salt intake= increased hydrostatic pressure
Why does lymphatic obstruction cause increased oedema and effusion
If the lymphatics do not absorb water in the tissues= accumulation
Name 4 things that can cause lymphatic obstruction
- Trauma
- Neoplasia
- Inflammatory
- Fibrosis
What are the two main effusions in cavities
Exudate and Transudate
What are some factors about exudate
- High in proteins
- Associated with inflammation
What are some transudate identifiers?
- Protein poor
- Translucent
- Straw coloured
What is laminar flow and what can its disruption cause?
Laminar flow is the parallel flow of blood down a vessel
disruption can cause thrombosis
Name 5 acquired secondary factors that will lead to an increased risk of thrombosis
- Hyperestrogenic
- Age
- Cancer
- Increased synthesis of coagulation factors
- Reduced synthesis of coagulation factors
What is an embolus?
When a thrombus detaches itself and circulates through the blood
What is the difference between red and white infarct?
- Red infarct is assocaited with loose spongy tissues that have a dual blood supply
- White infarct is associated with solid organs that have a singular blood supply
What is lymphatic obstruction?
Blockage of lymph vessels that drain fluid from tissues throughout the body and allow immune cells to travel where they are needed
