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VMS 2009 > Introduction to ectoparasites > Flashcards

Introduction to ectoparasites Flashcards

1
Q

What is the definition of a parasite?

A

An organism that lives on or in another living organism and obtains all or part of its nutrition from its host

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2
Q

What phylum are the majority of ectoparasite?

A

Arthropods

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3
Q

What are the three main classes of ectoparasite?

A
  • Acari
  • Insects
  • Crustacea
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4
Q

What is an obligate ectoparasite?

A

A completely parasitic ectoparasite

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5
Q

What is a facultive ectoparasite?

A

Can be free-living or parasitic, they usually feed on decaying meat but can infect live hosts by mistake

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6
Q

What is a permanent ectoparasite?

A

Spends its entire life cycle on the host and can only spread via close-contact

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7
Q

What is a semi-permanent ectoparasite?

A

It spends part of its life cycle off of the host, e.g fleas
it actively seeks a host

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8
Q

During what stage of an ectoparasites life is it most prone to environmental stress?

A

The stages where it is off the host

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9
Q

Where do the majority of ectoparasites live?

A

Mostly on or in the skin

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10
Q

Name three ways ectoparsites can cause damage

A
  • Blood feeding which can cause fatal anemia
  • Damage to the skin/ the underlying tissue
  • Inducing an inflammatory reaction
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11
Q

What are 5 types of Pruritus (itching) ?

A
  • Rubbing and scratching (often excessive)
  • Scab lesions (allergic reaction)
  • Traumatic wounds (excessive scratching)
  • Hairballs (excessive grooming – especially calves)
  • Structural damage to objects (excessive rubbing)
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12
Q

What are three clinical signs of an ectoparasite?

A
  1. Anaemia
  2. Pruritus
  3. Loss of Body Condition
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13
Q

What are the two mechanisms that Pruritus can be induced?

A
  1. Mechanical stimuli, e.g sensation via free nerve endings in the skin
  2. Allergic reaction, e.g bites/stings
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14
Q

Give some examples of things that can influence the specificty of an ectoparasite

A
  1. Skin characteristics
  2. Bacterial flora
  3. Blood components
  4. hair coat characteristics
  5. host availabilty
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15
Q

What are some characteristics of astimgmatic mites?

A

Free-living fungivorous mites (skin and respiratory allergies)
Ecto or endoparasites (under skin); often found in stale animal feed

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16
Q

What are some characteristics of Prostigmatic mites?

A

Free-Living and parasitic

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17
Q

What are some characteristics of Oribatidae mites?

A

Free-Living soil dwellers
Intermediate hosts of mammalian tapeworms

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18
Q

What are some characteristics of Mesostigmata parasites?

A

Free-living ectoparasites
They often move quickly

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19
Q

What are some characteristics of Ixodida ticks

A

Highly specialised blood feeders

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20
Q

What is teh difference between Mesostigmatid and Prostigmatid?

A

Mesostigmatid have openings in the body and prostigmatid have openings at the head

21
Q

How long does moulting take in Mites?

A

Moulting can take hours to days depending on the species
they do not feed whilst moulting (which means they will be insensitive to treatment during this time

22
Q

What are some non-burrowing mites?

A
  • Octodectes
  • Chorioptes
  • Psoroptes
  • Cheyletiella
23
Q

What are some Burrowing mites?

A
  • Sarcoptes
  • Notoedres
  • Trixacarus
  • Cnemidocoptes
  • Demodex
  • Psorobia
24
Q

What are some things that mites can do to cause allergic dermatitis?

A
  • Salivary secretions
  • Sloughed skin
  • Excreta
  • Peritrophic mange
25
Q

What type of mite causes sarcoptic mange?

A

Sarcoptes scabiei (burrowing mite)

26
Q

What type of mite causes Psoroptic mange?

A

Psoroptes spp. (non-burrowing mite)

27
Q

How do ticks actively seek hosts?

A

Use ‘questing’ using carbon dioxide

28
Q

What is the name of the disease that lice cause?

A

Pediculosis

29
Q

What kind of parasites are lice?

A

Permanent parasites, they spend their whole life cycle on the host

30
Q

What two kinds of lice are there?

A
  • Blood sucking (longer heads)
  • Chewing (flatter heads and less prone to systemic insecticide)
31
Q

Name 5 adaptations lice have to ‘parasitic life’

A
  • Dorso-ventral flattening
  • Head and mouthparts are directed forward
  • reduced number of antennal segments
  • thoracic and abdominal spiracles
  • specialised legs and claws

they are also adapted to cling to hair and are therefore hard to remove

32
Q

Name 3 mechanisms of spread for lice

A
  • Close penning of animals together
  • Mother to offspring
  • Shared combs and brushes
33
Q

What disease can fleas cause in rabbits?

A
  • Myxamatosis
34
Q

Give 5 ways fleas are adapted to parasitic life

A
  • Laterally flattened
  • Antennae recessed in fossae
  • Head sessile on pro-thorax
  • Body covered in backwards-pointing hairs
  • Allow for easy movement through fur or feathers
35
Q

What effects do fleas have on the host?

A
  • Can cause flea allergy dermatitis
  • Aneamia
  • vectors for tapeworms, bubonic plague, typhus
36
Q

What kind of parasites are flies?

A

Semi-Permanent parasites
Blood sucking, secretophagous

37
Q

Give some examples of obligate flies

A
  • Warble flies
  • Horse bots
  • Sheep nasal bots
38
Q

Give some examples of Faculative flies

A
  • Sheep blowfly strike
39
Q

Give some examples of Accidental flies

A
  • Hover fly
  • Crane fly larvae
40
Q

Where are the respiratory openings found on protsigmata, astigmata and mesostigmata respectively?

A
  • Anterior (around the head)
  • Do not have respiratory openings
  • On the body
41
Q

Why are mites insensitive to treatment during moulting?

A

Because they do not feed

42
Q

What type of lice are sensitive to systemic insecticide?

A

Blood sucking lice

43
Q

Describe the life cycle of a flea

A
  1. Adults (must feed on blood to become capable of reproduction)
  2. After 48 hours the adult females can then lay eggs (40-50 per day)
  3. After 2-10 days they grow into larvae
  4. after 7-21 days they form pupae (have a cocoon so they are camouflaged and blend into the environment)
  5. after 7-200 days the pupae become adults
44
Q

What is the meaning of Nidicolous?

A

associated with nest-dwelling animals, means that they stay in the same area for a long time after birth (e.g fleas)

45
Q

What percentage of fleas are in the immature stage?

A

95%
(50% of eggs drop off into the environment)
(35% larvae in the environment)
(10% are pupae in their resistant stage in the environment)

46
Q

What do pupae hatch in response to?

A

In response to vibrations from passing hosts, adult fleas jump in the direction of warmth

47
Q

What is Myiasis?

A

Infestation with fly larvaea

48
Q

What two flies cause sheep blowfly strike?

A
  • Lucilia sericata (green bottle)
  • Calliphora erythrocephala (blue bottle)

VMS 2009 (45 decks)

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