Vascular disorders I

Question 1

What is DIC/ Disseminated
intravascular
coagulopathy (DIC) ?

Answer 1

Condition that causes abnormal clotting throughout the body

Question 2

What is the consequence of haemostasis being blunted/ lost?

Answer 2

Excessive Bleeding

Question 3

What is an example of an operation that could cause excessive bleeding?

Answer 3

Ligatures moving during a spay

Question 4

What is primary haemostasis?

Answer 4

Platelets seal the vascular defect and they are then activated

Question 5

What are the 4 steps involved in haemostasis?

Answer 5

1. Arteriolar vasoconstriction
2. Primary haemostasis
3. Secondary haemostasis
4. Clot stabilisation and resorption

Question 6

Name the clotting factors that will kill the animal if altered by a genetic disease

Answer 6

7,10,5,8,2

Question 7

What clotting factor will not effect the clotting cascade if altered as it can be bypassed?

Answer 7

11

Question 8

What clotting factor will cause a decrease in coagulation if altered

Answer 8

12

Question 9

What clotting factors are affected by vitamin K?

Answer 9

10, 7, 8, 2

Question 10

What are three factors that affect coagulation?

Answer 10

1. Dilution- coagulation factors are washed away via blood flow
2. Negatively charged phospholipids- The factors aren’t activated
3. Reaction of the adjacent endothelium as this activates the fibrinolytic cascade

Question 11

What is the most important protein that reduces the size of the clot

Answer 11

Plasmin

Question 12

What is plasminogen?

Answer 12

The potent activator of plasmin

Question 13

What is thrombin?

Answer 13

The progenitor to fibrin
it has anticoagulant factors due to the secretion of plasminogen

Question 14

What is the purpose of Fibrin?

Answer 14

Produces/ Makes the clot

Question 15

What is the purpose of the fibrinolytic cascade?

Answer 15

It limits the size of the clot

Question 16

How does the endothelium act as an anticoagulant?

Answer 16

It can make a barrier between the vWF and the platelets

Question 17

What is an example of a primary Haemorrhagic disorder?

Answer 17

Von WilleBrand disease

Question 18

What is an example of a secondary haemorrhagic disorder?

Answer 18

A deficiency in coagulation factors

Question 19

How does scurvy cause bleeding?

Answer 19

Lack of Vitamin C

Question 20

What animals is scurvy seen in?

Answer 20

It is seen in guinea-pigs and fresian horses

Question 21

What three factors decide how bad a haemorrhagic disorder is?

Answer 21

• Volume (e.g how much blood is lost)
• Rate
• Location (e.g blood loss in brain vs spleen)

Question 22

What kind of deficiency can chronic blood loss lead to?

Answer 22

Iron deficiency

(and anemia)

Question 23

How big is a petechia haemorrhage?

Answer 23

2mm (seen in sepsis)

Question 24

How big is a Ecchymosis haemorrhage?

Answer 24

2-3mm

Question 25

How big is a Purpura haemorrhage?

Answer 25

4-10mm

Question 26

What can a haemorrhage in the brain lead to?

Answer 26

Necrosis

Question 27

Name three things that can cause Thrombosis

Answer 27

1. Endothelial injury
2. Stasis/ Turbulent blood flow
3. Hypercoagulability of blood

Question 28

What is the definition of haemostasis?

Answer 28

The prevention of blood loss,

Question 29

How does consumption of coagulation factors lead to DIC?

Answer 29

Widespread activation of clotting factors due to DIC leads to an overall decrease in clotting factors (may lead to secondary fibrinolysis)

Question 30

What is the link between negatively charged phospholipids and activation factors?

Answer 30

Negatively charged phospholipids create a surface that assists in the binding and activation of coagulation factors

Question 31

What does t-PA facilitate?

Answer 31

The breaking down of blood clots

Question 32

What are some factors that inhibit fibrinolysis?

Answer 32

Heparin like molecules (competition)
Thrombomodulin
Prostacyclin
Nitrous oxide