Concepts of Vaccination Flashcards
What are some examples of vaccines for non-infectious diseases?
- Anti-allergy vaccines
- Canine malignant melanoma vaccine
- Immuno contraceptives
- Vaccines to increase sheep fertility
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What is natural passive immunity?
Maternally-derived antibodies in colostrum or via the placenta
What is artifical passive immunity?
- Injection of antibodies from a resistant to a susceptible animal
Key notes about passive immunity
- Short lasting
- Immediate
- No Cell-mediated immunity
- Targets extracellular pathogens
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What are some approved products for passive immunisation?
Botulism, Rabies, Tetanus, Venom
What is active immunisation?
Stimulation of APC’s
* Stimulates both the T and the B cells
* Crucial memory responses are developed
What must vaccines induce in order to work?
They must activate the innate immune system and antigen presenting cells
What happens when the antigen is delivered alone without co-stimulation?
T cell anergy rather than activation
What is in ovo vaccination of poultry?
Vaccinating the egg, used against mareks virus, capable of delivering several antigens simulataneously
What do you do if whole pathogen-based vaccines are not practical for the disease?
Knowledge of protective antigens may be neccesary to develop sub unit or recombinant vaccines
What is an adjuvant?
a pharmocological or immunological agent that enhances the immune response to an antigen whilst keeping the injected foreign material to a minimum
What are some adjuvants that are used in veterinary vaccines?
- Water/ Oil emulsions (seppic adjuvants)
- Organic (plant derived sapnonins)
- Inorganic (aluminium salts, alum)
- PAMPS
What is a live attenuated vaccine?
Modified pathogen (removal of the virulence gene)
* Heat
* Chemical
* Culture Direct genetic modification
you usually use a close relative of the pathogen
What are the ‘Four D’s of Rinderpest?
discharge, diarrhoea and
dehydration, leading to death.
In what animal were the first rinderpest vaccine strains attenuated in?
Goats
