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VMS 2009 > Activating the immune system > Flashcards

Activating the immune system Flashcards

1
Q

What are 4 important switches for initiating the immune system?

A
  1. the Danger signal
  2. Professional antigen presentation
  3. MHC
  4. Co-Stimulation
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2
Q

through which two molecules does the immune system detect danger?

A
  1. Pathogen-associated molecular patterns
  2. Damage-associated molecular pattern molecules
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3
Q

What are some examples of PAMPS?

A
  1. Glycans and glyconjugates
  2. Bacterial lipopolysaccharides
  3. Endotoxins found on the cell membranes of gram-negative bacteria
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4
Q

What are some examples of DAMPS?

A

Endongenous danger signals such as heat shock proteins
Extracellular danger signals such as neuromodulators and cytokines/ interferons

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5
Q

What releases DAMPS?

A

Released by stressed cells undergoing necrosis but not apoptosis

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6
Q

What are some examples of non-protein DAMPS?

A
  • ATP
  • Uric acid
  • Heparin sulfate
  • DNA
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7
Q

What are TLR’s/ Toll-like receptors?

A

a type of PRR that play a crucial role in the initiation of the innate immune response by detecting potential harmful pathogens

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8
Q

What are TLR’s specialised in?

A

The recognition of conserved molecular structures in bacteria, viruses, fungi and parasites

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9
Q

What are the three main pathways that are activated by TLR’s?

A
  • MAP kinase pathway
  • NFkB pathway
  • IRF pathway
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10
Q

What are the three main populations of antigen presenting cells

A
  • dendritic cells
  • Macrophages
  • B cells
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11
Q

What kind of APC’s can activate naive T cells and trigger a primary immune response?

A

Dendritic cells

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12
Q

What kind of molecules do dendritic cells express on their membranes?

A

Class II MHC
these can deliver a costimulatory effect which are important for TH Cell activation

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13
Q

What is the function of dendritic cells

A

To trap, process and present antigen cells of the immune system
To kill any pathogens they encounter

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14
Q

What is the dendritic cell mechanism of killing?

A
  • they produce NADPH oxidase and can kill invaders by mounting a respiratory burst
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15
Q

What is* antigen processing*

A

transforming large proteins into antigenic peptides (epitopes) within the cells

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16
Q

What is the function of MHC receptors?

A

proteins that share the task of presenting peptides on the cell surface for recognition via T cells

17
Q

What is an epitope?

A

Regions of the proteins that can trigger a cellular immune response mediated by T or B cells

18
Q

What do T cell epitopes bind to?

A

they bind to T cell receptors

19
Q

What do B cell epitopes bind to?

A

They bind to antibodies or B cell receptors

20
Q

What is the definition of cross-presentation

A

The presentation of exogenous antigens on MHC class I molecules, known as cross-presentation, is essential for the initiation of CD8+ T cell responses.

21
Q

What are the three signals that can contact a naive T cell?

A
  • T-Cell receptor recognising the antigen
  • a co-stimulatory molecule such as CD28
  • Cytokines
22
Q

What can happen to a T-cell if it does not receive the second signal

A

T cell becomes mainly unresponsive/ anergic or dies

23
Q

Where are MHC type I complexes usually found?

A

on the outside of almost all nucleated cells

24
Q

Where are MHC type II molecules usually found?

A

they are mainly expressed on the outside of APC’s such as macrophages or dendritic cells

25
Q

What type of T cell recognises MHC type I molecules?

A

T-Cytotoxic

26
Q

What type of T cell recognises MHC type II molecules?

A

T-Helper

27
Q

What is the structural difference between an MHC I and MHC II molecule?

A

MHC I contains an alpha chain and a smaller B2 microglobin chain
MHC II contains an alpha chain and a beta chain

28
Q

What are some examples of co-inhibitory molecules that terminate the T Cell response?

A

CTLA-4, PD-1

29
Q

What PRR actives NFkB

A

NOD proteins

30
Q

What does the MAP kinase pathway lead to?

A

Pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as IL-6 TNF-a etc.

31
Q

What does the NFkB pathway lead to?

A

Chemokines which attract other cells to the site of infection

32
Q

What does the IRF pathway lead to?

A

Type I IFNs which are involved in anti-viral responses

33
Q

How does the dendritic cell do cross-presentation?

A

It picks up the virus infected cell containing the MHC-1 molecule, The viral antigen enters the cytosol
displays the MHC I molecule on the outside

VMS 2009 (45 decks)

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