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VMS 2009 > Adaptive Immunity 1 > Flashcards

Adaptive Immunity 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the innate immune response?

A
  • The first line of defence, fast but non-specific
  • Humoral and Cell Mediated
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2
Q

What is the adaptive immune response?

A

Humoral and Cell-Mediated
It uses B and T lymphocytes respectively

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3
Q

What are the molecules used in the innate immune response?

A

PRR’s, that bind to PAMPS and DAMPS (these are generic molecules found on many different types of pathogen or released in response to stress or damage

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4
Q

What receptors are used in the adaptive immune response?

A
  • Randomly generated B and T cell Receptors
  • These are highly specific to individual antigen molecules, rather than generic molecules found on many pathogens
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5
Q

What is the definition of Humoral immunity?

A

Combatting pathogens using antibodies

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6
Q

What type of lymphocytes produce antibodies?

A

B lymphocytes

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7
Q

What is cell-mediated immunity?

A

This primarily involves T-lymphocytes
these can eradicate pathogens, clear infected self-cells or aid other cells in inducing immunity

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8
Q

What is the adaptive immune response based on?

A

The Clonal-Selection of antigen-Specific Cells

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9
Q

What proteins do helper cells and Cytotoxic cells interact with?

A
  • Helper cells interact with CD4 T-cell receptors
  • Cytotoxic cells interact with CD8 T-cell receptors
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10
Q

What is an antigen?

A

a processed peptide derived from a foreign or altered self-protein and presented by an MHC class I or II molecule

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11
Q

What is the structure of secreted immunoglobins/ antibodies?

A
  • Two heavy chains
  • Two light chains
  • Held together by covalent bonds
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12
Q

How do B cells use genes to create antibodies?

A

They use parts of genes to create different possibel antibody combinations

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13
Q

What are the four mechanisms that generate antibody diversity in naive B cells?

A
  • Multiple Gene segments
  • Insertion of nucleotides between joints
  • Exonuclease trimming
  • Combinatorial diversity
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14
Q

Where does t cell progenitor development occur?

A

It occurs in the bone marrow

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15
Q

Where do T cells migrate to for further development?

A

the thymus

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16
Q

Where does b cell development occur?

A

The bone marrow and it is then completed in the periphery

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17
Q

Why do BCR receptors struggle to signal?

A

They have very little cytoplasmic domain

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18
Q

What chains do BCR complex with on the plasma membrane?

A

2 Iga and 2 Igb chains

19
Q

How do Iga and Igb signal?

A

they have signalling motifs in their cytoplasmic chains

20
Q

What is the activator motif for iga and igb?

A

ITAM (immunoreceptor tyrosine-based activation motif)

21
Q

How do the signalling cascades from iga and igb become triggered?

A

phosphorylation of the ITAMS which goes on to trigger a signalling cascade

22
Q

Are T-Cell Receptors antibodies?

A

No
but they belong to the Ig superfamily of proteins

23
Q

What chains do the T Cell antibodies contain?

A

They contain both beta and alpha chains

24
Q

What CD complex binds to the TCR receptor to aid in signal transduction?

A

CD3

25
Q

What is allelic exclusion?

A

Makes sure that each B cell synthesises only one light and one heavy chain

26
Q

What is the double negative stage of T cell development?

A

Thymocytes do not show the receptors for either CD4 or CD8 therefore they cannot become either T helper or T Cytotoxic

27
Q

What is the double positive stage of thymocyte selection?

A

after beta selection, the thymocytes express both CD4 and CD8 receptors

28
Q

What cells are removed in the final T-Lymphocyte screening?

A

autoreactive t cells

29
Q

Where are non-reactive lineage T cells released?

A

They are released into the peripheral bloodstream

30
Q

What is the first basic step of B Cell Production?

A

Recombining the heavy chains
If this is succesful it initiates recombination of the L chain

31
Q

What is Central tolerance in terms of B cells?

A

Occurs in the bone marrow
The clonal deletion of strongly autroreactive cells via apoptosis

32
Q

What is receptor editing in terms of B cells?

A

reactivation of the recombination machinery

does not occur in T cells!

33
Q

Where do the final stages of B cell maturation occur?

A

In the spleen

34
Q

What is the difference between positive and negative selection and why does it only occur in T cells?

A

Positive selection is when T cells in the thymus are kept because they have MHC molecules
Negative selection is when inactive T cells in the medulla of the thymus are removed due to them being inactive

In B cells only negative selection occurs as they do not have MHC molecules

35
Q

What is the function of CD19?

A

Acts as a co-receptor on B cells, helps to amplify the signalling

36
Q

What is the function of Tyrosine kinase?

A

Phosphorylation of tyrosine kinase triggers different signalling cascades (different signalling pathways) in the B cell

37
Q

What is the structure of TCR’s?

A

they are heterodimers and possess both an alpha and a beta chain

38
Q

What does CD3 complex with to assist in antigen recognition?

A

TCR’s

39
Q

What co-receptors also bind to the MHC molecule to aid signal transduction?

A

CD4 and CD8

40
Q

What do the initial activation signals induce in T helper cells?

A
  • Up-regulation of pro-survival genes
  • Transcription of IL-2 and IL-2R genes
41
Q

What do cytokines do in T cell activation?

A

Depending on which cytokines are present, can send the T cells down different activation pathways

42
Q

What subsets can T helper cells be divided into?

A
  • Th1, Th2
  • Th17
  • Treg
  • TFH
43
Q
A

VMS 2009 (45 decks)

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