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Year 2 MIS > Vaccines and Vaccine Development > Flashcards

Vaccines and Vaccine Development Flashcards

1
Q

What is a vaccination?

A
  • exposure to a non-pathogenic microbe

- allows body to make memory B and T cells against this for future

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2
Q

There are a number of different types of vaccinations. ‘antitoxins and immunoglobulins which provide immediate source of antibody’ is the definition of one type of vaccine, is this active or passive vaccination?

A
  • passive

- body doesn’t need to mount an immune response, just used provided antibodies

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3
Q

What is passive immunisation?

1 - injected with antibodies directly for immediate response
2 - injected with T and B cells to develop memory immunity
3 - injected with WBC to initiate an immune response
4 - injected with plasma cells to produce antibodies

A

1 - injected with antibodies directly for immediate response

- provides immediate response in patients who may not be able to produce the antibodies

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4
Q

Passive immunity is when a patient is injected with antibodies from an external source directly for an immediate response. What 2 methods can be used to administer these?

1 - subdermal and intramuscular
2 - intravenously and intramuscular
3 - intravenously and subdermal
4 - intravenously and orally

A

2 - intravenously and intramuscular

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5
Q

Passive immunity is when a patient is injected with antibodies from an external source directly for an immediate response. Does this approach provide long or short term immunity?

A
  • short term, lasting as long as the antibodies last

- no natural production of the antibodies so when the antibodies are gone thats it

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6
Q

Passive immunity is when a patient is injected with antibodies from an external source directly for an immediate response. Give an example of passive immunisation using a mother?

A
  • mum breast feeding gives baby IgA antibodies

- when mum stops breast feeding the antibodies also stop

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7
Q

Varicella Zoster immunoglobulin are antibodies that can be given to a patient who as been exposed to the viruses and is an example of passive immunisation. Is Varicella Zoster dangerous?

Varicella = chickenpox
Zoster = shingles

1 - can be dangerous in adults
2 - can be dangerous in children
3 - can be dangerous in adults and children

A

1 - can be dangerous in adults

  • essentially viruses that can causes chickenpox or shingles
  • in children nothing major
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8
Q

Varicella Zoster immunoglobulin are antibodies that can be given to a patient who as been exposed to the viruses and is an example of passive immunisation. In order for a patient to be administered though, 3 specific criteria from the list below must be met. Which 3 are they?

Varicella = chickenpox
Zoster = shingles

1 - immunocompromised patient
2 - older healthy patient
3 - exposure to chickenpox or shingles but had when young
4 - born in a 3rd world country
5 - no varicella-zoster virus (VZV) antibodies confirmed via antibody testing
6 - increased risk of severe chickenpox (immunocompromised, neonates, women exposed in first 20w of pregnancy)

A

1) increased risk of severe chickenpox (immunocompromised, neonates, women exposed in first 20w of pregnancy)
5 - no varicella-zoster virus (VZV) antibodies confirmed via antibody testing
6 - increased risk of severe chickenpox (immunocompromised, neonates, women exposed in first 20w of pregnancy)

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9
Q

Does passive or active immunisation cost more?

A
  • passive and not as available as active immunisation
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10
Q

What is active immunisation?

1 - injected with antibodies directly for immediate response
2 - injected with vaccine or antigen and body produces antibodies against it
3 - injected with vaccine and antibodies produced immediately
4 - injected with plasma cells to produce antibodies

A

2 - injected with vaccine or antigen and body produces antibodies against it
- the aim is to make the body produce antibodies and initiate long term immunity

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11
Q

Active immunisation is when a person is injected with vaccine or antigen and body produces antibodies against it. There are 2 main types of active immunisation, what are they?

1 - active and hyperinactive
2 - inactive and hyperactive
3 - inactive and active
4 - active and hyperactive

A

3 - inactive and active

  • active = weakened microorganisms are introduced into the body
  • inactive = dead microorganism or parts of microorganisms like PAMPs is introduced into the body
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12
Q

Is the hepatitis B (HBV) immunisation an example of active or passive immunisation?

A
  • both
  • mum could have had HBV vaccine and shared antibodies with baby
  • baby will then be immunised at 8, 12 and 16 weeks as well as a form of active immunisation
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13
Q

Live vaccines have a reduced virulence. What does virulence mean?

A
  • ability of an organism to infect the host and cause a disease
  • influenza and Varicella/Zoster are examples
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14
Q

Are the Varicella/Zoster viruses given as live attenuated vaccines or as antibody therapy?

Varicella = chickenpox
Zoster = shingles
A
  • both
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15
Q

What are the 2 main benefits of administering live vaccines?

A
  • strong long lasting immune response evoked

- provides local and systemic immunity

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16
Q

What are the 4 main disadvantages of administering live vaccines?

A
  • potential to revert to virulence (return to dangerous form, such as polio)
  • contraindicated in immunosuppressed patients
  • interference from passive antibodies (babies receiving antibodies from mum)
  • poor stability (storage and transport)
17
Q

In babies why is the delivery of some live vaccines delayed in babies?

A
  • baby will have passive immunisation from mothers antibodies during pregnancy and breast feeding
  • passive antibodies can interfere with active antibodies found in vaccines
18
Q

What is an inactivated vaccine?

A
  • vaccine containing dead or inactivated microorganism, but intact enough to cause an immune response
  • chemicals or heat is used to kill or inactivate
19
Q

Inactivated vaccines are those where a microorganism has been killed or inactivated using heat or chemicals, but it retains enough of its structure to elicit an immune response. There are a number of different types of inactivated vaccines. Which of the names below fits this definition: ‘a toxin produced by the microorganism has been rendered harmless (toxoid) in order to elicit immunity. For example tetanus and diphtheria vaccines’.

1 - Toxoid vaccines
2 - Subunit or acellular vaccines
3 - Conjugate vaccines

A

1 - Toxoid vaccines

20
Q

Inactivated vaccines are those where a microorganism has been killed or inactivated using heat or chemicals, but it retains enough of its structure to elicit an immune response. There are a number of different types of inactivated vaccines. Which of the names below fits this definition: ‘use the parts of the killed organism thought to induce an immune response (e.g. pertussis and pneumococcal polysaccharides, lipid vaccines)’.

1 - Toxoid vaccines
2 - Subunit or acellular vaccines
3 - Conjugate vaccines

A

2 - Subunit or acellular (not containing any cells) vaccines

21
Q

Inactivated vaccines are those where a microorganism has been killed or inactivated using heat or chemicals, but it retains enough of its structure to elicit an immune response. There are a number of different types of inactivated vaccines. Which of the names below fits this definition: ‘use the parts of the killed organism thought to induce an immune response joined on to a protein carrier to stimulate a better immune response (e.g. meningococcal, pneumococcal and Hib vaccines)’.

1 - Toxoid vaccines
2 - Subunit or acellular vaccines
3 - Conjugate vaccines

A

3 - Conjugate vaccines

  • protein added to polysaccharide that immune system can recognise
  • child’s immune response can recognise the the protein and then attack the microorganism
22
Q

What is Pertussis, a nasty respiratory disease more commonly known as?

1 - common cold
2 - whooping cough
3 - bronchitis
4 - infant respiratory distress syndrome

A

2 - whooping cough

23
Q

Pertussis, a nasty respiratory disease more commonly known as whooping cough is administered how?

1 - live virus vaccine
2 - subunit or acellular vaccines
3 - toxoid vaccine
4 - conjugate vaccines

A

2 - subunit or acellular vaccines

- administered at 8, 12 and 16 weeks

24
Q

Pertussis, a nasty respiratory disease more commonly known as whooping cough has been delivered as active and passive immunity for babies since 2012 in the UK. How is this a form of both active and passive vaccination?

A
  • passive = mum has vaccine as acellular vaccines, so she produces antibodies to pertussis that will cross the placenta and provide passive immunity for the baby
  • active = baby is born and reaches specific age (when passive antibodies have gone) they will be given the acellular vaccine for pertussis meaning they then have active immunity
25
Q

Conjugate vaccines are vaccines that use the parts of the killed organism thought to induce an immune response joined on to a protein carrier to stimulate a better immune response (e.g. meningococcal, pneumococcal and Hib vaccines). These are important in some virus for children. Why is this?

A
  • children >2 years have B cells that cannot penetrate the polysaccharide coatings
  • baby or young child’s immature immune system to see and respond to the bacterium inside
  • antigen from killed organism in vaccine can be detected by PRR
  • PRRs can initiate complement pathway, phagocytosis and adaptive immunity
26
Q

What are the 4 main advantages of conjugated vaccines?

A

1 - induce immunity in young children
2 - long term immunological memory
3 - reduction in carriage of organism
4 - indirect protection to unvaccinated (herd immunity)

27
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae are lancet-shaped, gram-positive, facultative anaerobic bacteria with more than 100 known serotypes. Most S. pneumoniae serotypes can cause disease, but only a minority of serotypes produce the majority of pneumococcal infections. There are 2 different vaccinations against Streptococcus pneumoniae.

  • Pneumococcal Polysaccharide Vaccine (PPV23) contains polysaccharide from each of 23 capsular types of pneumococcus
  • Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine (PCV13) contains polysaccharide from 13 common capsular types of pneumococcus conjugated to CRM197 protein (a non-toxic form of diphtheria toxin)

Which patients would receive PPV23 and PCV13?

A
  • PPV23 = >65 y/o
  • PCV13 = <2 y/o as their immature immune cells cannot detect the polysaccharide alone
  • both have lower immunity, but children may need recognising and binding the foreign bodies
28
Q

What are the 3 main downsides of inactivated vaccines?

A

1 - need several doses with shorter immunity
2 - local reactions common (skin reactions)
3 - adjuvant needed

29
Q

What are the 3 main advantages of inactivated vaccines?

A

1 - stable for transport and storage
2 - they do not cause the infection
3 - cannot spread infection to others

30
Q

What is a hexavalent vaccine?

1 - vaccines in the shape of a hexagon
2 - vaccines placed in a hexagon shape for delivery
3 - vaccine that can protect against 6 different diseases
4 - vaccines built in a specific way

A

4 - a vaccine that can protect against 6 different diseases

31
Q

A hexavalent vaccine is a vaccine that can protect against 6 different diseases. Infanrix hexa is the common example of this in the UK. What does this protect against?

1 - diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, Haemophilus influenzae B and hepatitis B
2 - tetanus, pertussis, polio, Haemophilus influenzae B and hepatitis B and C
3 - diphtheria, pertussis, polio, Haemophilus influenzae B and hepatitis B and D
4 - diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, Haemophilus influenzae B and hepatitis B and C

A

1 - diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, Haemophilus influenzae B and hepatitis B

32
Q

A hexavalent vaccine is a vaccine that can protect against 6 different diseases. Infanrix hexa is the common example of this in the UK, protecting agains diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, polio, Haemophilus influenzae B and hepatitis B. When is this generally administered to babies?

1 - 8, 12 and 16 weeks of age
2 - 1, 2 and 16 weeks of age
3 - 8, 12 and 16 year of age
4 - 8, 12 and 16 months of age

A

1 - 8, 12 and 16 weeks of age

33
Q

There are some novel approaches to vaccinations, one of which is nucleic acid vaccines. What are these vaccinations?

1 - genetic info from virus used to trigger immunity
2 - human DNA added to virus to reduce immunity
3 - virus DNA is added to human cells to induce immunity
4 - genetic info from virus is used to learn about viruses

A

1 - genetic info from virus used to trigger immunity

34
Q

There are some novel approaches to vaccinations, 2 of which are nucleic acid and vector vaccines which is where genetic info from virus used to trigger immunity. How does this genetic info from a virus initiate an immune response?

A
  • genetic info from virus is inserted into host cells
  • genetic info is used by the cell to create immune response
  • if the virus is encountered again the host can elicit an immune response
35
Q

What are vaccine adjuncts, such as aluminium salts?

A
  • antigen and adjunct are administered together
  • the adjunct can amplify the immune effect caused by the antigen
  • results in prolonged immune memory

Year 2 MIS (48 decks)

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