Vaccines and Vaccine Development Flashcards
What is a vaccination?
- exposure to a non-pathogenic microbe
- allows body to make memory B and T cells against this for future
There are a number of different types of vaccinations. ‘antitoxins and immunoglobulins which provide immediate source of antibody’ is the definition of one type of vaccine, is this active or passive vaccination?
- passive
- body doesn’t need to mount an immune response, just used provided antibodies
What is passive immunisation?
1 - injected with antibodies directly for immediate response
2 - injected with T and B cells to develop memory immunity
3 - injected with WBC to initiate an immune response
4 - injected with plasma cells to produce antibodies
1 - injected with antibodies directly for immediate response
- provides immediate response in patients who may not be able to produce the antibodies
Passive immunity is when a patient is injected with antibodies from an external source directly for an immediate response. What 2 methods can be used to administer these?
1 - subdermal and intramuscular
2 - intravenously and intramuscular
3 - intravenously and subdermal
4 - intravenously and orally
2 - intravenously and intramuscular
Passive immunity is when a patient is injected with antibodies from an external source directly for an immediate response. Does this approach provide long or short term immunity?
- short term, lasting as long as the antibodies last
- no natural production of the antibodies so when the antibodies are gone thats it
Passive immunity is when a patient is injected with antibodies from an external source directly for an immediate response. Give an example of passive immunisation using a mother?
- mum breast feeding gives baby IgA antibodies
- when mum stops breast feeding the antibodies also stop
Varicella Zoster immunoglobulin are antibodies that can be given to a patient who as been exposed to the viruses and is an example of passive immunisation. Is Varicella Zoster dangerous?
Varicella = chickenpox Zoster = shingles
1 - can be dangerous in adults
2 - can be dangerous in children
3 - can be dangerous in adults and children
1 - can be dangerous in adults
- essentially viruses that can causes chickenpox or shingles
- in children nothing major
Varicella Zoster immunoglobulin are antibodies that can be given to a patient who as been exposed to the viruses and is an example of passive immunisation. In order for a patient to be administered though, 3 specific criteria from the list below must be met. Which 3 are they?
Varicella = chickenpox Zoster = shingles
1 - immunocompromised patient
2 - older healthy patient
3 - exposure to chickenpox or shingles but had when young
4 - born in a 3rd world country
5 - no varicella-zoster virus (VZV) antibodies confirmed via antibody testing
6 - increased risk of severe chickenpox (immunocompromised, neonates, women exposed in first 20w of pregnancy)
1) increased risk of severe chickenpox (immunocompromised, neonates, women exposed in first 20w of pregnancy)
5 - no varicella-zoster virus (VZV) antibodies confirmed via antibody testing
6 - increased risk of severe chickenpox (immunocompromised, neonates, women exposed in first 20w of pregnancy)
Does passive or active immunisation cost more?
- passive and not as available as active immunisation
What is active immunisation?
1 - injected with antibodies directly for immediate response
2 - injected with vaccine or antigen and body produces antibodies against it
3 - injected with vaccine and antibodies produced immediately
4 - injected with plasma cells to produce antibodies
2 - injected with vaccine or antigen and body produces antibodies against it
- the aim is to make the body produce antibodies and initiate long term immunity
Active immunisation is when a person is injected with vaccine or antigen and body produces antibodies against it. There are 2 main types of active immunisation, what are they?
1 - active and hyperinactive
2 - inactive and hyperactive
3 - inactive and active
4 - active and hyperactive
3 - inactive and active
- active = weakened microorganisms are introduced into the body
- inactive = dead microorganism or parts of microorganisms like PAMPs is introduced into the body
Is the hepatitis B (HBV) immunisation an example of active or passive immunisation?
- both
- mum could have had HBV vaccine and shared antibodies with baby
- baby will then be immunised at 8, 12 and 16 weeks as well as a form of active immunisation
Live vaccines have a reduced virulence. What does virulence mean?
- ability of an organism to infect the host and cause a disease
- influenza and Varicella/Zoster are examples
Are the Varicella/Zoster viruses given as live attenuated vaccines or as antibody therapy?
Varicella = chickenpox Zoster = shingles
- both
What are the 2 main benefits of administering live vaccines?
- strong long lasting immune response evoked
- provides local and systemic immunity