Psychoneuroimmunology

Question 1

What is psychoneuroimmunology?

Answer 1

• link between the nervous system, psychological state and out immune system

Question 2

When looking at the cognitive appraisal model of stress there are 3 stages. The first is titled stressor. What occurs here?

1 - primary appraisal, patient determines if stressor is manageable
2 - stimulus doesn’t move past cognitive appraisal
3 -stimulus to begin cognitive appraisal if something is stressful or not
4 - secondary appraisal, patient stimulus is stressful and must be processed

Answer 2

3 -stimulus to begin cognitive appraisal if something is stressful or not
- called eustress

Question 3

When looking at the cognitive appraisal model of stress there are 3 stages. The 2nd box is titled primary appraisal. What occurs here?

1 - primary appraisal, patient determines if stressor is manageable
2 - stimulus doesn’t move past cognitive appraisal
3 -stimulus to begin cognitive appraisal if something is stressful or not
4 - secondary appraisal, patient stimulus is stressful and must be processed

Answer 3

1 - primary appraisal, patient determines if stressor is manageable

• could essentially be positive/beneficial stress, irrelevant stress or could it be dangerous stress
• called tolerable stress

Question 4

When looking at the cognitive appraisal model of stress there are 3 stages. The 3rd box is titled secondary appraisal. What occurs here?

1 - appraisal, patient determines if stressor is manageable
2 - stimulus doesn’t move past cognitive appraisal
3 -stimulus to begin cognitive appraisal if something is stressful or not
4 - appraisal, patient stimulus is stressful and must be processed

Answer 4

4 - secondary appraisal, patient stimulus is stressful and must be processed

• patient identifies if they have the coping strategies and/or family/social support to deal with the stressor or insufficient resources to deal with stress
• called toxic stress

Question 5

When looking at the cognitive appraisal model of stress there are 3 stages. The 3rd box is titled primary appraisal, which is when the patient has determined that the stimulus is stressful and has a risk of danger. The patient then processes if they have the coping strategies or family/social support to deal with the stressor. If the patient decides that they have the coping strategies and/or social support in place what happens?

Answer 5

• patient will remember next time the same stressor occurs and this will be a coping strategy
• therefore the same stimulus may not initiate stress in the future

Question 6

When looking at the cognitive appraisal model of stress there are 3 stages. The 3rd box is titled primary appraisal, which is when the patient has determined that the stimulus is stressful and has a risk of danger. The patient then processes if they have the coping strategies or family/social support to deal with the stressor. If the patient decides that they do not have the coping strategies and/or social support in place what happens?

Answer 6

• stress and anxiety will follow

- the same stressor will likely cause the same issues again and again or even worse

Question 7

Is stress or at least the cognitive appraisal of stress always bad?

Answer 7

• no
• some people seek stress for adrenaline
• stress the body to become stronger etc..

Question 8

What is the attachment theory?

1 - emotional bond developed between baby/child and a caregiver
2 - emotional bond developed between baby/child and mum
3 - emotional bond developed between baby/child and dad
4 - emotional bond developed between baby/child and mum and dad

Answer 8

1 - emotional bond developed between baby/child and a caregiver

• child must develop a relationship with at least one caregiver when young
• this helps them develop fulfilled relationships and function in society

Question 9

There are 3 styles of attachment, secure attachment, ambivalent-insecure attachment and avoidant-insecure attachment.

What is secure attachment?

1 - child not distressed when left and does not need comforting when caregiver returns
2 - child very distressed when left but comforted when caregiver returns, but still upset
3 - child not distressed when left and is ambivalent or scared when caregiver returns
4 - child distressed when left but comforted when caregiver returns and comforts them

Answer 9

4 - child distressed when left but comforted when caregiver returns and comforts them

• upset when parents leave and happy when parents return
• parents are good at responding to child’s needs
• 70% of children are like this

Question 10

There are 3 styles of attachment, secure attachment, ambivalent-insecure attachment and avoidant-insecure attachment.

What is ambivalent-insecure attachment?

1 - child not distressed when left and does not need comforting when caregiver returns
2 - child very distressed when left, may or may not be comforted when caregiver returns and still upset
3 - child not distressed when left and is ambivalent or scared when caregiver returns
4 - child distressed when left but comforted when caregiver returns and comforts them

Answer 10

2 - child very distressed when left, may or may not be comforted when caregiver returns and still upset
- parents are not good at responding to child’s needs

Question 11

What is avoidant-insecure attachment?

1 - child not distressed when left and does not need comforting when caregiver returns
2 - child very distressed when left, may or may not be comforted when caregiver returns and still upset
3 - child not distressed when left and is ambivalent or scared when caregiver returns
4 - child distressed when left but comforted when caregiver returns and comforts them

Answer 11

1 - child not distressed when left and does not need comforting when caregiver returns

• may or may not be upset when parents leave
• may or may not be bothered when parents return
• parents are poor at responding to child’s needs

Question 12

There are 2 major coping strategies that can help deal with stress, namely emotional and problem solving. What is emotion focused coping strategy?

1 - time focused, let time improve the mind
2 - behavioural, altered cognitive appraisal to change your emotions
3 - reduce demands of situation and increase resources to deal with stressor
4 - exercise focused, dull the senses with tiredness

Answer 12

2 - behavioural, altered cognitive appraisal to change your emotions
- changing behaviour makes you appreciate you can cope in future events

Question 13

There are 2 major coping strategies that can help deal with stress, namely emotional and problem solving. What is problem solving coping strategy?

1 - time focused, let time improve the mind
2 - behavioural, altered cognitive appraisal to change your emotions
3 - reduce demands of situation and increase resources to deal with stressor
4 - exercise focused, dull the senses with tiredness

Answer 13

3 - reduce demands of situation and increase resources to deal with stressor
- altering the problem

Question 14

What is the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)?

1 - psychological process brain goes through when exposed to a stressor
2 - physiological process body goes through when exposed to a stressor
3 - psychological and physiological process brain/body goes through when exposed to a stressor
4 - psychological/physiological process of dealing with a stressor

Answer 14

3 - psychological and physiological process brain/body goes through when exposed to a stressor
- this can be positive or negative stressors

Question 15

The General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) is the psychological and physiological process brain/body goes through when exposed to a stressor. Is this always negative?

Answer 15

• no, can be positive or negative stressors
• exercise, skydiving are examples of positive stressors
• exam anxiety, having weight checked by doctor are negative (can also be positive)

Question 16

The General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) is the psychological and physiological process brain/body goes through when exposed to a stressor, which can be positive or negative stressors. There are 3 stages to the GAS, namely alarm, resistance/adaptation and exhaustion or recovery.

What is the alarm stage of the GAS?

1 - bodies resources are low to deal with stressor and fatigue/exhaustion may occur
2 - body is not mobilised to deal with the stressor and shuts down
3 - bodies arousal is high so body sis able to adapt and/or defend itself using lots of resources
4 - body is mobilised to deal with the stressor (acute =sympathetic and chronic = HPA axis)

Answer 16

4 - body is mobilised to deal with the stressor (acute =sympathetic and chronic = HPA axis)

Question 17

The General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) is the psychological and physiological process brain/body goes through when exposed to a stressor, which can be positive or negative stressors. There are 3 stages to the GAS, namely alarm, resistance/adaptation and exhaustion or recovery.

What is the resistance/adaptation stage of the GAS?

1 - bodies resources are low to deal with stressor and fatigue/exhaustion may occur
2 - body is not mobilised to deal with the stressor and shuts down
3 - bodies arousal is high so body sis able to adapt and/or defend itself using lots of resources
4 - body is mobilised to deal with the stressor (acute =sympathetic and chronic = HPA axis)

Answer 17

3 - bodies arousal is high so body sis able to adapt and/or defend itself using lots of resources

Question 18

The General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) is the psychological and physiological process brain/body goes through when exposed to a stressor, which can be positive or negative stressors. There are 3 stages to the GAS, namely alarm, resistance/adaptation and exhaustion or recovery.

What is the exhaustion or recovery stage of the GAS?

1 - bodies resources are low to deal with stressor and fatigue/exhaustion may occur
2 - body is not mobilised to deal with the stressor and shuts down
3 - bodies arousal is high so body sis able to adapt and/or defend itself using lots of resources
4 - body is mobilised to deal with the stressor (acute =sympathetic and chronic = HPA axis)

Answer 18

1 - bodies resources are low to deal with stressor and fatigue/exhaustion may occur

• body can recover as it has dealt with the stressor (basically if you have good coping strategies and/or social support)
• without coping strategies the body may not recover and enter chronic stress and negative physiological effects on the body

Question 19

There are 2 psychoneuroendocrine responses that we have when we are exposed to a potential stressor, what are they?

1 - increased parasympathetic and sympathetic activity
2 - increased parasympathetic and HPA axis activity
3 - increased sympathetic and HPA axis activity
4 - decreased parasympathetic and sympathetic activity

Answer 19

3 - increased sympathetic and HPA axis activity

Question 20

The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal [HPA] is part of the chronic stress response. The hypothalamus secretes corticotropin-releasing hormone, which stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete adrenocortiocotropic hormone which then stimulates the adrenal glands to secrete cortisol. What affect does cortisol have on adipose tissue, muscle, in regards to energy release?

1 - glycogenolysis, proteolysis and lipolysis all increase
2 - glycogenolysis increases and proteolysis and lipolysis decrease
3 - gluconeogenesis, proteolysis and lipolysis all increase
4 - gluconeogenesis increases, proteolysis and lipolysis decrease

Answer 20

3 - gluconeogenesis, proteolysis and lipolysis all increase

- body tries to maintain glycogen stores are

Question 21

The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal [HPA] is part of the chronic stress response. The hypothalamus secretes corticotropin-releasing hormone, which stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete adrenocortiocotropic hormone which then stimulates the adrenal glands to secrete cortisol. Cortisol looks to conserve carbohydrates, but increases proteolysis and lipolysis. What effect does this have on inflammation and antibody production?

Answer 21

• inflammation = reduction (reduced IL-4, 10 and 13)

- antibody production = inhibited

Question 22

During a stress response there is an increase in sympathetic tone and HPA axis activity, which reduces inflammation and reduces the production of antibodies. However, this also increases activity of certain immune cells, such as?

1 - plasma cells
2 - B cells
3 - T cells
4 - natural killer cells

Answer 22

4 - natural killer cells

Question 23

Although the increased activity of the HPA axis is anti-inflammatory, what has chronic stress been shown to do on levels of inflammation?

Answer 23

• increase levels of inflammation

Question 24

What is meant by the term biological scar in terms of stress?

1 - peripheral and central changes due to inflammation
2 - peripheral changes due to inflammation
3 - central changes due to inflammation
4 - psychological changes due to inflammation

Answer 24

1 - peripheral and central changes due to inflammation

Question 25

What 3 main affects has depression been shown to have lymphocytes, natural killer cells and inflammatory cytokines (IL-6)?

Answer 25

• lymphocytes = reduced number/functionality
• NK cells = reduced number/functionality
• inflammatory cytokines (IL-6) = increased

Question 26

What has the administration of pro-inflammatory cytokines to been shown to have on depression?

1 - cause bipolar disorder
2 - reduce depression
3 - mimic depression
4 - no effect as not self cytokines

Answer 26

3 - mimic depression

- demonstrates link between depression and chronic inflammation

Question 27

Negative mood, which is below the diagnosis of depression has been shown to influence the immune system. What affect does negative mood have on natural killer cells?

Answer 27

• reduced production

- impairs immunity

Question 28

Negative mood, which is below the diagnosis of depression has been shown to influence the immune system, by reducing the number of natural killer cells. Negative mood been shown to accelerate the progression of which 2 diseases?

1 - HIV/AIDs and cancer
2 - COPD and cancer
3 - HIV/AIDs and COPD
4 - stroke and HIV/AIDs

Answer 28

1 - HIV/AIDs and cancer

Question 29

Negative mood, which is below the diagnosis of depression has been shown to influence the immune system, by reducing the number of natural killer cells. Negative mood been shown to accelerate the progression of HIV/AIDs and cancer. This has been hypothesised to be direct and indirect effects. What are direct effects?

Answer 29

• directly influence immune function in the body

Question 30

Negative mood, which is below the diagnosis of depression has been shown to influence the immune system, by reducing the number of natural killer cells. Negative mood been shown to accelerate the progression of HIV/AIDs and cancer. This has been hypothesised to be direct and indirect effects. What are indirect effects?

Answer 30

• affect patients psychological state

- impaired adherence to treatments

Question 31

A positive mood has been shown to have what affect on natural killer (NK) cells and T cells?

1 - increase NK cytotoxicity and B cell proliferation
2 - reduce NK and T cell number number
3 - increase NK cytotoxicity and T cell proliferation
4 - reduce NK cytotoxicity and T cell proliferation

Answer 31

3 - increase NK cytotoxicity and T cell proliferation

Question 32

What affect can high social support have on developing the common cold?

1 - cause chronic flu like symptoms
2 - decrease susceptibility
3 - increase susceptibility
4 - no effect

Answer 32

2 - decrease susceptibility

Question 33

What affect can low social support have on antibody production following a vaccination?

1 - increase antibody production
2 - decrease antibody production
3 - render vaccine ineffective
4 - no effect

Answer 33

2 - decrease antibody production

Question 34

High levels of social support can have direct and indirect effects on the immune system. What are the direct effects?

1 - change in physiological stimulus
2 - enhanced endocrine and immune function (people feel happier and less stress)
3 - reduced endocrine and immune function (people feel happier and less stress)
4 - no effect

Answer 34

2 - enhanced endocrine and immune function (people feel happier and less stress)

Question 35

High levels of social support can have direct and indirect effects on the immune system. What are the indirect effects?

1 - reduction in physiological stimulus
2 - cause reduced adherence to treatment but engage with healthcare
3 - enhance adherence to treatment and engage with healthcare
4 - no indirect effects

Answer 35

3 - enhance adherence to treatment and engage with healthcare