Psychoneuroimmunology Flashcards
What is psychoneuroimmunology?
- link between the nervous system, psychological state and out immune system
When looking at the cognitive appraisal model of stress there are 3 stages. The first is titled stressor. What occurs here?
1 - primary appraisal, patient determines if stressor is manageable
2 - stimulus doesn’t move past cognitive appraisal
3 -stimulus to begin cognitive appraisal if something is stressful or not
4 - secondary appraisal, patient stimulus is stressful and must be processed
3 -stimulus to begin cognitive appraisal if something is stressful or not
- called eustress
When looking at the cognitive appraisal model of stress there are 3 stages. The 2nd box is titled primary appraisal. What occurs here?
1 - primary appraisal, patient determines if stressor is manageable
2 - stimulus doesn’t move past cognitive appraisal
3 -stimulus to begin cognitive appraisal if something is stressful or not
4 - secondary appraisal, patient stimulus is stressful and must be processed
1 - primary appraisal, patient determines if stressor is manageable
- could essentially be positive/beneficial stress, irrelevant stress or could it be dangerous stress
- called tolerable stress
When looking at the cognitive appraisal model of stress there are 3 stages. The 3rd box is titled secondary appraisal. What occurs here?
1 - appraisal, patient determines if stressor is manageable
2 - stimulus doesn’t move past cognitive appraisal
3 -stimulus to begin cognitive appraisal if something is stressful or not
4 - appraisal, patient stimulus is stressful and must be processed
4 - secondary appraisal, patient stimulus is stressful and must be processed
- patient identifies if they have the coping strategies and/or family/social support to deal with the stressor or insufficient resources to deal with stress
- called toxic stress
When looking at the cognitive appraisal model of stress there are 3 stages. The 3rd box is titled primary appraisal, which is when the patient has determined that the stimulus is stressful and has a risk of danger. The patient then processes if they have the coping strategies or family/social support to deal with the stressor. If the patient decides that they have the coping strategies and/or social support in place what happens?
- patient will remember next time the same stressor occurs and this will be a coping strategy
- therefore the same stimulus may not initiate stress in the future
When looking at the cognitive appraisal model of stress there are 3 stages. The 3rd box is titled primary appraisal, which is when the patient has determined that the stimulus is stressful and has a risk of danger. The patient then processes if they have the coping strategies or family/social support to deal with the stressor. If the patient decides that they do not have the coping strategies and/or social support in place what happens?
- stress and anxiety will follow
- the same stressor will likely cause the same issues again and again or even worse
Is stress or at least the cognitive appraisal of stress always bad?
- no
- some people seek stress for adrenaline
- stress the body to become stronger etc..
What is the attachment theory?
1 - emotional bond developed between baby/child and a caregiver
2 - emotional bond developed between baby/child and mum
3 - emotional bond developed between baby/child and dad
4 - emotional bond developed between baby/child and mum and dad
1 - emotional bond developed between baby/child and a caregiver
- child must develop a relationship with at least one caregiver when young
- this helps them develop fulfilled relationships and function in society
There are 3 styles of attachment, secure attachment, ambivalent-insecure attachment and avoidant-insecure attachment.
What is secure attachment?
1 - child not distressed when left and does not need comforting when caregiver returns
2 - child very distressed when left but comforted when caregiver returns, but still upset
3 - child not distressed when left and is ambivalent or scared when caregiver returns
4 - child distressed when left but comforted when caregiver returns and comforts them
4 - child distressed when left but comforted when caregiver returns and comforts them
- upset when parents leave and happy when parents return
- parents are good at responding to child’s needs
- 70% of children are like this
There are 3 styles of attachment, secure attachment, ambivalent-insecure attachment and avoidant-insecure attachment.
What is ambivalent-insecure attachment?
1 - child not distressed when left and does not need comforting when caregiver returns
2 - child very distressed when left, may or may not be comforted when caregiver returns and still upset
3 - child not distressed when left and is ambivalent or scared when caregiver returns
4 - child distressed when left but comforted when caregiver returns and comforts them
2 - child very distressed when left, may or may not be comforted when caregiver returns and still upset
- parents are not good at responding to child’s needs
What is avoidant-insecure attachment?
1 - child not distressed when left and does not need comforting when caregiver returns
2 - child very distressed when left, may or may not be comforted when caregiver returns and still upset
3 - child not distressed when left and is ambivalent or scared when caregiver returns
4 - child distressed when left but comforted when caregiver returns and comforts them
1 - child not distressed when left and does not need comforting when caregiver returns
- may or may not be upset when parents leave
- may or may not be bothered when parents return
- parents are poor at responding to child’s needs
There are 2 major coping strategies that can help deal with stress, namely emotional and problem solving. What is emotion focused coping strategy?
1 - time focused, let time improve the mind
2 - behavioural, altered cognitive appraisal to change your emotions
3 - reduce demands of situation and increase resources to deal with stressor
4 - exercise focused, dull the senses with tiredness
2 - behavioural, altered cognitive appraisal to change your emotions
- changing behaviour makes you appreciate you can cope in future events
There are 2 major coping strategies that can help deal with stress, namely emotional and problem solving. What is problem solving coping strategy?
1 - time focused, let time improve the mind
2 - behavioural, altered cognitive appraisal to change your emotions
3 - reduce demands of situation and increase resources to deal with stressor
4 - exercise focused, dull the senses with tiredness
3 - reduce demands of situation and increase resources to deal with stressor
- altering the problem
What is the General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS)?
1 - psychological process brain goes through when exposed to a stressor
2 - physiological process body goes through when exposed to a stressor
3 - psychological and physiological process brain/body goes through when exposed to a stressor
4 - psychological/physiological process of dealing with a stressor
3 - psychological and physiological process brain/body goes through when exposed to a stressor
- this can be positive or negative stressors
The General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) is the psychological and physiological process brain/body goes through when exposed to a stressor. Is this always negative?
- no, can be positive or negative stressors
- exercise, skydiving are examples of positive stressors
- exam anxiety, having weight checked by doctor are negative (can also be positive)
The General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) is the psychological and physiological process brain/body goes through when exposed to a stressor, which can be positive or negative stressors. There are 3 stages to the GAS, namely alarm, resistance/adaptation and exhaustion or recovery.
What is the alarm stage of the GAS?
1 - bodies resources are low to deal with stressor and fatigue/exhaustion may occur
2 - body is not mobilised to deal with the stressor and shuts down
3 - bodies arousal is high so body sis able to adapt and/or defend itself using lots of resources
4 - body is mobilised to deal with the stressor (acute =sympathetic and chronic = HPA axis)
4 - body is mobilised to deal with the stressor (acute =sympathetic and chronic = HPA axis)
The General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) is the psychological and physiological process brain/body goes through when exposed to a stressor, which can be positive or negative stressors. There are 3 stages to the GAS, namely alarm, resistance/adaptation and exhaustion or recovery.
What is the resistance/adaptation stage of the GAS?
1 - bodies resources are low to deal with stressor and fatigue/exhaustion may occur
2 - body is not mobilised to deal with the stressor and shuts down
3 - bodies arousal is high so body sis able to adapt and/or defend itself using lots of resources
4 - body is mobilised to deal with the stressor (acute =sympathetic and chronic = HPA axis)
3 - bodies arousal is high so body sis able to adapt and/or defend itself using lots of resources
The General Adaptation Syndrome (GAS) is the psychological and physiological process brain/body goes through when exposed to a stressor, which can be positive or negative stressors. There are 3 stages to the GAS, namely alarm, resistance/adaptation and exhaustion or recovery.
What is the exhaustion or recovery stage of the GAS?
1 - bodies resources are low to deal with stressor and fatigue/exhaustion may occur
2 - body is not mobilised to deal with the stressor and shuts down
3 - bodies arousal is high so body sis able to adapt and/or defend itself using lots of resources
4 - body is mobilised to deal with the stressor (acute =sympathetic and chronic = HPA axis)
1 - bodies resources are low to deal with stressor and fatigue/exhaustion may occur
- body can recover as it has dealt with the stressor (basically if you have good coping strategies and/or social support)
- without coping strategies the body may not recover and enter chronic stress and negative physiological effects on the body
There are 2 psychoneuroendocrine responses that we have when we are exposed to a potential stressor, what are they?
1 - increased parasympathetic and sympathetic activity
2 - increased parasympathetic and HPA axis activity
3 - increased sympathetic and HPA axis activity
4 - decreased parasympathetic and sympathetic activity
3 - increased sympathetic and HPA axis activity
The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal [HPA] is part of the chronic stress response. The hypothalamus secretes corticotropin-releasing hormone, which stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete adrenocortiocotropic hormone which then stimulates the adrenal glands to secrete cortisol. What affect does cortisol have on adipose tissue, muscle, in regards to energy release?
1 - glycogenolysis, proteolysis and lipolysis all increase
2 - glycogenolysis increases and proteolysis and lipolysis decrease
3 - gluconeogenesis, proteolysis and lipolysis all increase
4 - gluconeogenesis increases, proteolysis and lipolysis decrease
3 - gluconeogenesis, proteolysis and lipolysis all increase
- body tries to maintain glycogen stores are
The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal [HPA] is part of the chronic stress response. The hypothalamus secretes corticotropin-releasing hormone, which stimulates the pituitary gland to secrete adrenocortiocotropic hormone which then stimulates the adrenal glands to secrete cortisol. Cortisol looks to conserve carbohydrates, but increases proteolysis and lipolysis. What effect does this have on inflammation and antibody production?
- inflammation = reduction (reduced IL-4, 10 and 13)
- antibody production = inhibited
During a stress response there is an increase in sympathetic tone and HPA axis activity, which reduces inflammation and reduces the production of antibodies. However, this also increases activity of certain immune cells, such as?
1 - plasma cells
2 - B cells
3 - T cells
4 - natural killer cells
4 - natural killer cells
Although the increased activity of the HPA axis is anti-inflammatory, what has chronic stress been shown to do on levels of inflammation?
- increase levels of inflammation
What is meant by the term biological scar in terms of stress?
1 - peripheral and central changes due to inflammation
2 - peripheral changes due to inflammation
3 - central changes due to inflammation
4 - psychological changes due to inflammation
1 - peripheral and central changes due to inflammation
What 3 main affects has depression been shown to have lymphocytes, natural killer cells and inflammatory cytokines (IL-6)?
- lymphocytes = reduced number/functionality
- NK cells = reduced number/functionality
- inflammatory cytokines (IL-6) = increased
What has the administration of pro-inflammatory cytokines to been shown to have on depression?
1 - cause bipolar disorder
2 - reduce depression
3 - mimic depression
4 - no effect as not self cytokines
3 - mimic depression
- demonstrates link between depression and chronic inflammation
Negative mood, which is below the diagnosis of depression has been shown to influence the immune system. What affect does negative mood have on natural killer cells?
- reduced production
- impairs immunity
Negative mood, which is below the diagnosis of depression has been shown to influence the immune system, by reducing the number of natural killer cells. Negative mood been shown to accelerate the progression of which 2 diseases?
1 - HIV/AIDs and cancer
2 - COPD and cancer
3 - HIV/AIDs and COPD
4 - stroke and HIV/AIDs
1 - HIV/AIDs and cancer
Negative mood, which is below the diagnosis of depression has been shown to influence the immune system, by reducing the number of natural killer cells. Negative mood been shown to accelerate the progression of HIV/AIDs and cancer. This has been hypothesised to be direct and indirect effects. What are direct effects?
- directly influence immune function in the body
Negative mood, which is below the diagnosis of depression has been shown to influence the immune system, by reducing the number of natural killer cells. Negative mood been shown to accelerate the progression of HIV/AIDs and cancer. This has been hypothesised to be direct and indirect effects. What are indirect effects?
- affect patients psychological state
- impaired adherence to treatments
A positive mood has been shown to have what affect on natural killer (NK) cells and T cells?
1 - increase NK cytotoxicity and B cell proliferation
2 - reduce NK and T cell number number
3 - increase NK cytotoxicity and T cell proliferation
4 - reduce NK cytotoxicity and T cell proliferation
3 - increase NK cytotoxicity and T cell proliferation
What affect can high social support have on developing the common cold?
1 - cause chronic flu like symptoms
2 - decrease susceptibility
3 - increase susceptibility
4 - no effect
2 - decrease susceptibility
What affect can low social support have on antibody production following a vaccination?
1 - increase antibody production
2 - decrease antibody production
3 - render vaccine ineffective
4 - no effect
2 - decrease antibody production
High levels of social support can have direct and indirect effects on the immune system. What are the direct effects?
1 - change in physiological stimulus
2 - enhanced endocrine and immune function (people feel happier and less stress)
3 - reduced endocrine and immune function (people feel happier and less stress)
4 - no effect
2 - enhanced endocrine and immune function (people feel happier and less stress)
High levels of social support can have direct and indirect effects on the immune system. What are the indirect effects?
1 - reduction in physiological stimulus
2 - cause reduced adherence to treatment but engage with healthcare
3 - enhance adherence to treatment and engage with healthcare
4 - no indirect effects
3 - enhance adherence to treatment and engage with healthcare
