Anatomy of the Leg and Foot Flashcards
The tibiofibular joints if formed by the tibia and fibula bones. What parts of these bones articulate and what type of joint is formed at the superior end?
1 - medial condyle of tibia and apex of fibula
2 - medial condyle of the tibia and head of fibula
3 - lateral condyle and head of fibula
4 - lateral condyle and apex of fibula
3 - lateral condyle and head of fibula
- forms a plane joint, a form of synovial joint
The tibiofibular joints if formed by the lateral condyle of the tibia and the head of the fibula. This forms a gliding joint that is a form of synovial joint. What 2 ligaments support this joint?
- posterior superior tibiofibular ligament
- anterior superior tibiofibular ligament
What are the bony articulations of the distal tibiofibular joint?
1 - tibia = fibular notch of tibia, fibula = distal medial aspect of fibula
2 - tibia = medial condyle, fibula = fibula head
3 - tibia = lateral condyle, fibula = fibula apex
4 - tibia = fibular notch, fibula = distal lateral aspect of fibula
1 - tibia = fibular notch of tibia, fibula = distal medial aspect of fibula
What type of joint is formed at the inferior aspect of the tibiofibular joint?
1 - sutures a fibrous joint
2 - syndesmoses a fibrous joint
3 - gomphoses a fibrous joint
4 - gliding a synovial joint
2 - syndesmoses a fibrous joint
- form of syndesmosis joint allowing little movement
There is a ligament formed in the interosseus part of the inferior tibiofibular joint. What is this called?
1 - interosseous tibia ligament
2 - interosseous tibiofibular ligament
3 - interosseous talus ligament
4 - interosseous calcaneus ligament
2 - Interosseous tibiofibular ligament
There are 3 main ligaments that help stabilise the inferior tibiofibular joint. Use the labels below to label them:
- anterior tibiofibular ligament
- posterior tibiofibular ligament
- interosseus ligament
1 - interosseus ligament
2 - anterior tibiofibular ligament
3 - posterior tibiofibular ligament
The talocrural joint (ankle joint) is a synovial joint located in the lower limb. What type of synovial joint is this?
1 - condyloid joint
2 - saddle joint
3 - hinge joint
4 - ball and socket joint
3 - hinge joint
What are the 3 bones that make up the talocrural joint?
- tibia, fibula and talus
The talocrural joint possess medial and lateral ligaments that provide stability. Label the 3 key lateral ligaments using the labels below:
anterior talofibular ligament
posterior talofibular ligament
calcaneofibular ligament
1 - posterior talofibular ligament
2 - calcaneofibular ligament
3 - anterior talofibular ligament
The talocrural joint possess medial and lateral ligaments that provide stability. Label the 4 key medial ligaments that together make up the deltoid ligaments using the labels below:
anterior tibiotalar ligament
tibiocalcaneal ligament
posterior tibiotalar ligament
tibionavicular ligament
1 = tibiocalcaneal ligament (tibia to calcaneus bone) 2 = tibionavicular ligament (tibia to navicular bone) 3 = anterior tibiotalar ligament (lateral malleolus and lateral aspect of the talus) 4 = posterior tibiotalar ligament (lateral malleolus and the posterior aspect of the talus)
What is the malleolus at talocrural joint?
- bony bump laterally on fibula
- bony bump medially on tibia
What is the proximal and distal interphalangeal joints?
- proximal = between the proximal phalanx and middle phalanx
- distal = between the middle phalanx and distal phalanx
What is the Subtalar (talocalcaneal) joint and what type of joint is this?
- formed by talus and calcaneus
- synovial plane joint
There are 2 transverse tarsal joints. The calcaneocuboid and talonavicular. What bones form these joints and what type of joints do these form?
- calcaneocuboid = calcaneus and cuboidal bone
- talonavicular = talus and navicular joint
There are 2 transverse tarsal joints. The calcaneocuboid and talonavicular. What type of joints are both of these?
1 - condyloid
2 - gliding
3 - saddle
4 - pivot
3 - saddle joints
What are the tarsometatarsal, also called the Lisfranc joints of the foot?
- articulations between the bases of the metatarsals and the distal surfaces of the three cuneiforms and the cuboid
The tarsometatarsal, also called the Lisfranc joints of the foot are articulations between the bases of the metatarsals and the distal surfaces of the three cuneiforms and the cuboid. What type of joint are these?
1 - condyloid
2 - plane
3 - saddle
4 - pivot
2 - plane joints
What are the metatarsophalangeal joints and what type of joint is this?
- joints between the metatarsals and the proximal phalanges
- they are synovial condyloid joints
What are the interphalangeal joints and what type of joint is this?
- joints between proximal and middle phalanx
- synovial hinge joints
The leg can be subdivided into 3 compartments. Label the 3 main muscles that make up the anterior compartment using the labels below:
Tibialis Anterior
Extensor Digitorum longus
Extensor Hallucis longus
1 - Tibialis Anterior
2 - Extensor Hallucis longus
3 - Extensor Digitorum longus
The leg can be subdivided into 3 compartments. There are 3 main muscles that make up the anterior compartment Tibialis Anterior, Extensor Digitorum longus and then Extensor Hallucis longus. There is a 4th muscle, what is it called?
1 - Gastrocnemius
2 -Soleus
3 - Plantaris
4 - Fibularis tertius
4 - Fibularis tertius
What is the origin and insertion of the Tibialis Anterior muscle?
1 - O = lateral surface of tibia and I = medial cuneiform and base of metatarsal I
2 - O = medial surface of tibia and I = medial cuneiform and base of metatarsal I
3 - O = lateral surface of tibia and I = lateral cuneiform and base of metatarsal I
4 - O = medial surface of tibia and I = lateral cuneiform and base of metatarsal I
O = origin I = insertion
1 - O = lateral surface of tibia and I = medial cuneiform and base of metatarsal I
What are the 2 movements facilitated by the Tibialis Anterior muscle?
1 - dorsiflexion of talocrural joint and eversion of subtalar joint
2 - dorsiflexion of talocrural joint and inversion of subtalar joint
3 - plantarflexion of talocrural joint and inversion of subtalar joint
4 - plantarflexion of talocrural joint and eversion of subtalar joint
2 - dorsiflexion of talocrural joint and inversion of subtalar joint
What is the nerve and nerve roots of the Tibialis Anterior muscle?
1 - deep tibial nerve, L4-L5
2 - superficial tibial nerve L2-L4
3 - deep fibular nerve, L4-L5
4 - superficial fibular nerve, L4-L5
3 - deep fibular nerve, L4-L5
In addition to facilitating dorsiflexion of talocrural joint and inversion of subtalar joint, the Tibialis Anterior muscle has an important function at the ankle. What is this important function?
1 - supports the lateral arch of the foot
2 - cushions forces through the knee
3 - supports the medial arch of the foot
4 - unlocks the knee when walking
3 - supports the medial arch of the foot
- attaches to medial cuneiform so ensures arch remains raised
What is the origin and insertion of the Extensor Digitorum longus?
1 - O = lateral condyle of tibia and medial fibula, I = digital expansions onto proximal phalanx on dorsal surface
2 - O = medial condyle of tibia and medial fibula, I = digital expansions onto distal phalanx on dorsal surface
3 - O = medial condyle of fibula and medial fibula, I = digital expansions onto distal phalanx on dorsal surface
4 - O = lateral condyle of tibia and medial fibula, I = digital expansions onto distal phalanx on dorsal surface
O = origin I = insertion
4 - O = lateral condyle of tibia and medial fibula, I = digital expansions onto distal phalanx
- only digits II-V
What are the 2 movements facilitated by the Extensor Digitorum longus?
1 - dorsiflexion of the talocrural joint and flexion of lateral 4 toes
2 - dorsiflexion of the talocrural joint and extension of lateral 4 toes
3 - plantarflexion of the talocrural joint and extension of lateral 4 toes
4 - plantarflexion of the talocrural joint and flexion of lateral 4 toes
2 - dorsiflexion of the talocrural joint and extension of lateral 4 toes
What is the origin and insertion of the Extensor hallucis longus?
1 - O = medial surface of fibular shaft, I = dorsum of distal phalanx of great toe
2 - O = medial surface of tibia, I = dorsum of distal phalanx of great toe
3 - O = lateral surface of fibular shaft, I = dorsum of distal phalanx of great toe
4 - O = medial surface of fibular shaft, I = dorsum of proximal phalanx of great toe
O = origin I = insertion
1 - O = medial surface of fibular shaft, I = dorsum of distal phalanx of great toe
What 2 movements are facilitated by the Extensor hallucis longus?
1 - flexion of the great toe and talocrural dorsiflexion
2 - adduction of the great toe and talocrural dorsiflexion
3 - abduction of the great toe and talocrural dorsiflexion
4 - extension of the great toe and talocrural dorsiflexion
4 - extension of the great toe and talocrural dorsiflexion
What is the origin and insertion of the fibularis tertius?
1 - O = distal medial surface of fibula, I = dorsal medial surface of metatarsal IV
2 - O = distal medial surface of tibia, I = dorsal medial surface of metatarsal V
3 - O = distal medial surface of fibula, I = dorsal medial surface of metatarsal V
4 - O = distal medial surface of tibia, I = dorsal medial surface of metatarsal IV
O = origin I = insertion
3 - O = distal medial surface of fibula, I = dorsal medial surface of metatarsal V
What 2 movements does the tibialis tertius facilitate?
1 - talocrural plantarflexion and eversion of the subtalar joint
2 - talocrural plantarflexion and eversion of the subtalar joint
3 - talocrural dorsiflexion and inversion of the subtalar joint
4 - talocrural dorsiflexion and eversion of the subtalar joint
4 - talocrural dorsiflexion and eversion of the subtalar joint
The Extensor Digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus and fibularis tertius are 3 of the 4 muscles of the anterior compartment of the leg. These 3 muscles are all innervated by the same nerve and nerve roots. What is the nerve and nerve roots?
1 - deep tibial nerve, L4-L5
2 - superficial tibial nerve L2-L4
3 - deep fibular nerve, L5-S1
4 - superficial fibular nerve, L4-L5
3 - deep fibular nerve, L5-S1
- branch of sciatic nerve
The deep fibular nerve innervates the whole of the anterior compartment of the leg including. What is the origin of the fibular nerve and what is the deep fibular nerve a branch of?
1 - sciatic nerve L4-S3, common fibular nerve, deep fibular nerve
2 - sciatic nerve L4-S1, common fibular nerve, deep fibular nerve
3 - sciatic nerve L4-S3, superficial fibular nerve, deep fibular nerve
4 - sciatic nerve L4-S3, common fibular nerve, deep fibular nerve
1 - sciatic nerve L4-S3, common fibular nerve, deep fibular nerve
- sciatic nerve branches into common fibular nerve and tibial nerve at popliteal fossa
- common fibular nerve branches into superficial and deep fibular nerve
What is the main blood supply to the anterior compartment of the leg and which artery is this a branch of?
1 - posterior tibial artery a branch of the popliteal artery
2 - anterior tibial artery a branch of the popliteal artery
3 - anterior fibula artery a branch of the popliteal artery
4 - posterior fibula artery a branch of the popliteal artery
2 - anterior tibial artery a branch of the popliteal artery
The main blood supply to the anterior compartment of the leg is the anterior tibial artery a branch of the popliteal artery. The bifurcation into the anterior tibial artery occurs below the popliteal fossa at the back of the knee. How does the anterior tibial artery then get to the anterior compartment of the leg?
1 - loops around fibular
2 - loops around the tibia
3 - passes through the knee joint
3 - passes through opening in interosseus membrane
3 - passes through opening in interosseus membrane
What does hallucis mean?
- latin for big toe
Label the 2 muscles of the lateral compartment using the labels below:
1 - fibularis longus and fibularis brevis
2 - fibularis longus and Extensor Hallucis longus
3 - fibularis longus and Fibularis tertius
4 - Extensor Hallucis longus and fibularis brevis
1 - fibularis longus and fibularis brevis
What is the origin and insertion of the fibularis longus?
1 - O = lateral surface of fibular head, I = lateral side of medial cuneiform and metatarsal I
2 - O = lateral surface of fibular head, I = lateral side of cuboid and metatarsal V
3 - O = medial surface of fibular head, I = lateral side of medial cuneiform and metatarsal I
4 - O = lateral surface of fibular head, I = lateral side of medial cuneiform and metatarsal III
O = origin I = insertion
1 - O = lateral surface of fibular head, I = lateral side of medial cuneiform and metatarsal I
What 2 movements does the fibularis longus facilitate?
1 - inversion and plantarflexion of the foot
2 - eversion and plantarflexion of the foot
3 - eversion and dorsiflexion of the foot
4 - inversion and dorsiflexion of the foot
2 - eversion and plantarflexion of the foot
- supports the arch of the foot
In addition to facilitating eversion and plantarflexion of the foot, the fibularis longus has another important function in the foot. What is this function?
1 - supports the lateral arch of the foot
2 - cushions forces through the knee
3 - supports the transverse arch of the foot
4 - unlocks the knee when walking
3 - supports the transverse arch of the foot
What is the origin and insertion of the fibularis brevis?
1 - O = lateral surface of fibular head, I = lateral side of medial cuneiform and metatarsal I
2 - O = lateral surface of fibular head, I = lateral side of cuboid and metatarsal V
3 - O = lower 2/3rd of lateral fibula shaft, I = lateral tubercle on at base of metatarsal V
4 - O = lower 2/3rd of lateral fibula shaft, I = lateral side of medial cuneiform and metatarsal III
3 - O = lower 2/3rd of lateral fibula shaft, I = lateral tubercle on at base of metatarsal V
What one movement does the fibularis brevis facilitate?
1 - plantarflexion
2 - dorsiflexion
3 - inversion
4 - eversion
4 - eversion of the foot
Which nerve innervates the fibularis longus and brevis and what are the nerve roots?
1 - deep tibial nerve, L4-L5
2 - superficial tibial nerve L2-L4
3 - deep fibular nerve, L5-S1
4 - superficial fibular nerve, L4-S1
4 - superficial fibular nerve, L4-S1
What is the main blood vessel that supplies the fibularis longus and brevis?
1 - anterior tibial and fibular arteries
2 - anterior tibial artery
3 - posterior fibula artery
4 - posterior tibial and fibula arteries
1 - anterior tibial and fibular arteries
Instead of having thick fascia in the leg as we do in the thigh. what divides the anterior and posterior compartments in the leg?
- interosseus membrane
The superficial fibular nerve is the main nerve innervating the fibularis longus and brevis. What is a secondary nerve that also contributes to muscular and cutaneous supply to the same muscles?
1 - common fibular nerve
2 - lateral sural nerve
3 - deep fibular nerve
4 - anterior tibial nerve
2 - lateral sural nerve
There are 2 parts of the posterior compartment of the leg, the superficial and the deep. Using the labels below, label the 3 muscles of the superficial compartment:
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Plantaris
1 = Gastrocnemius 2 = Plantaris 3 = Soleus
What is the origin of the medial and lateral head of the gastrocnemius muscle of the superficial layer of the posterior compartment of the lower leg?
1 - O = medial head - medial condyle of femur, lateral head - lateral condyle of femur
2 - O = medial head - medial epicondyle of femur, lateral head - lateral epicondyle of femur
3 - O = medial head - medial condyle of femur, lateral head - lateral epicondyle of femur
4 - O = medial head - medial epcondyle of femur, lateral head - lateral condyle of femur
1 - O = medial head - medial condyle of femur, lateral head - lateral condyle of femur
What is the origin of the soleus muscle of the superficial layer of the posterior compartment of the lower leg, which is located beneath the gastrocnemius muscle?
1 - O = head of tibia and soleal line of tibia
2 - O = head of fibula and soleal line of fibula
3 - O = head of fibula and medial shaft of tibia
4 - O = head of fibula and soleal line of tibia
4 - O = head of fibula and soleal line of tibia
What is the origin of the plantaris muscle of the superficial layer of the posterior compartment of the lower leg?
1 - O = inferior aspect of lateral supracondylar ridge of femur
2 - O = superior aspect of medial supracondylar ridge of femur
3 - O = inferior aspect of medial supracondylar ridge of femur
4 - O = head of fibula
1 - O = inferior aspect of lateral supracondylar ridge of femur
All 3 muscles of the superficial layer (gastrocnemius, plantaris and soleus) of the posterior compartment of the leg are able to facilitate what movement?
1 - inversion
2 - eversion
3 - plantarflexion
4 - dorsiflexion
3 - plantarflexion
All 3 muscles of the superficial layer (gastrocnemius, plantaris and soleus) of the posterior compartment of the leg are able to facilitate plantarflexion. Due to crossing of the knee joint onto the femur the gastrocnemius and plantaris muscle are also able to facilitate one other movement, which is what?
1 - flexion of the knee
2 - extension of the knee
3 - internal rotation of the knee
4 - lateral rotation of the knee
1 - flexion of the knee
- like mini hamstrings
What nerve and nerve root innervates all 3 muscles of the posterior compartment of the lower leg, the:
Gastrocnemius muscle
Soleus
Plantaris
1 - deep tibial nerve, L4-L5
2 - tibial nerve S1-S2
3 - deep fibular nerve, L5-S1
4 - superficial fibular nerve, L4-S1
2 - tibial nerve - S1-S2
The gastrocnemius, soleus and plantaris are all superficial muscles from the posterior compartment of the leg. All 3 of these muscles form a tendon that attaches to the calcaneus. What is this tendon called?
- calcaneus tendon, or achilles tendon
Label the 4 muscles that form the deep layer of the posterior compartment of the leg below:
Flexor digitorum longus
Flexor hallucis longus
Tibialis Posterior
Popliteus
1 - Flexor digitorum longus
2 - Popliteus
3 - Tibialis Posterior
4 - Flexor hallucis longus
What is the origin and insertion of the Flexor digitorum longus found within the deep layer of the posterior compartment of the leg?
1 - O = medial side of posterior fibula, I = plantar surface of digits II-V up to distal phalanx
2 - O = lateral side of posterior tibia, I = plantar surface of digits II-V up to distal phalanx
3 - O = medial side of posterior fibula, I = plantar surface of digits II-V up to distal phalanx
4 - O = medial side of posterior tibia, I = plantar surface of digits II-V up to distal phalanx
O = origin I = insertion
4 - O = medial side of posterior tibia, I = plantar surface of digits II-V up to distal phalanx
What action does the flexor digitorum longus found within the deep layer of the posterior compartment of the leg facilitate?
1 - extension of digits II-V
2 - abduction of digits II-V
3 - adduction of digits II-V
4 - flexion of digits II-V
4- flexion of digits II-V
What is the origin and insertion of the flexor hallucis (big toe in latin) longus found within the deep layer of the posterior compartment of the leg?
1 - O = tibial posterior surface and interosseus membrane, I = plantar surface digit I distal phalanx
2 - O = fibula posterior surface and interosseus membrane, I = plantar surface digit I distal phalanx
3 - O = fibula posterior surface, I = plantar surface digit II distal phalanx
4 - O = lateral side of posterior tibia, I = plantar surface of digit I up to distal phalanx
O = origin I = insertion
2 - O = fibula posterior surface and interosseus membrane, I = plantar surface digit I distal phalanx
Which action does the flexor hallucis longus muscles found within the deep layer of the posterior compartment of the leg facilitate?
1 - extension of digit II
2 - abduction of digits III
3 - flexion of digits I
4 - flexion of digits II-V
3 - flexion of digits I
- the great toe
What nerve innervates the flexor hallucis and digitorum longus muscles found within the deep layer of the posterior compartment of the leg facilitate?
1 - deep tibial nerve, L4-L5
2 - tibial nerve S2-S3
3 - deep fibular nerve, L5-S1
4 - superficial fibular nerve, L4-S1
2 - tibial nerve S2-S3
The popliteal muscle is a small muscle on the posterolateral corner of the knee. What is the origin and insertion of this muscle?
1 - O = lateral condyle of femur and I = posterior tibia superior to soleal line
2 - O = medial epicondyle of femur and I = posterior tibia superior to soleal line
3 - O = lateral condyle of femur and I = posterior tibia superior to soleal line
4 - O = lateral epicondyle of femur and I = soleal line of tibia
1 - O = lateral condyle of femur and I = posterior tibia superior to soleal line
What action is facilitated by the the popliteus muscle found within the deep layer of the posterior compartment of the leg?
1 - medially rotates the knee when walking
2 - externally/laterally rotates the femur to unlock it during walking
3 - locks the knee when walking
4 - internal rotation of knee when walking
2 - externally/laterally rotates the femur to unlock it during walking
What nerve and nerve roots innervate the popliteus muscle found within the deep layer of the posterior compartment of the leg?
1 - deep tibial nerve, L4-S1
2 - tibial nerve L4-S1
3 - deep fibular nerve, L5-S1
4 - superficial fibular nerve, L4-S1
2 - tibial nerve, L4-S1
What is the origin and insertion of the tibialis posterior muscle found within the deep layer of the posterior compartment of the leg?
1 - O = posterior surface of interosseous membrane, I = navicular and cuboid bones
2 - O = posterior surface of interosseous membrane, I = cuboidal bone
3 - O = posterior surface of interosseous membrane, I = navicular and medial cuneiform bones
4 - O = anterior surface of interosseous membrane, I = navicular and medial cuneiform bones
3 - O = posterior surface of interosseous membrane, I = navicular and medial cuneiform bones
What 2 movements does the tibialis posterior muscle found within the deep layer of the posterior compartment of the leg facilitate?
1 - inversion and plantarflexion
2 - eversion and plantarflexion
3 - eversion and dorsiflexion
4 - inversion and dorsiflexion
2 - eversion and plantarflexion
- support of medial arch of foot during walking
In addition to facilitating eversion and plantarflexion, the tibialis posterior muscle found within the deep layer of the posterior compartment of the leg also has another function in the foot. What is this function?
1 - supports medial arch of the foot when walking
2 - supports the lateral arch of the foot when walking
3 - supports transverse arch of the foot when walking
1 - supports medial arch of the foot when walking
Which nerve and nerve roots innervate the tibialis posterior muscle found within the deep layer of the posterior compartment of the leg facilitate?
1 - tibial nerve, L4-S5
2 - tibial nerve S2-S3
3 - deep fibular nerve, L5-S1
4 - superficial fibular nerve, L4-S1
1 - tibial nerve, L4-S5
The flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus and tibialis posterior all cross the ankle posteriorly and inferiorly to the medial malleolus. The mnemonic Tom Dick and Harry can be used to identify the order from anterior to posterior where the cross the ankle joint. What is the order?
- Tom = Tibialis posterior
- Dick = flexor Digitorum longus
- Harry = flexor Hallucis longus
When looking at the actions of the ankle if we see a muscle with tibial or fibula, what ankle movements are these associated with?
- tibial = inversion
- fibula = eversion
What are the 2 key arteries that supply blood to the deep and superficial posterior compartments of the leg?
1 - posterior tibial artery (Superficial) and fibular artery (deep)
2 - posterior tibial artery (Superficial) and anterior tibial artery (deep)
3 - posterior tibial artery (Superficial) and posterior fibular artery
4 - posterior tibial artery (Superficial) and posterior popliteal
1 - posterior tibial artery (Superficial) and fibular artery (deep)
There are 2 muscles on the dorsum of the foot. What are they?
1 - Extensor digitorum brevis and Extensor hallucis brevis
2 - Flexor digitorum brevis and Extensor digitorum brevis
3 - Extensor hallucis brevis and Flexor digitorum brevis
4 - Abductor hallucis and Extensor hallucis brevis
1 - Extensor digitorum brevis and Extensor hallucis brevis
What are the origin and insertion of the extensor digitorum brevis muscle?
1 - O = posterior calcaneus, I = lateral tendon of extensor digitorum digits I-V
2 - O = superolateral calcaneus, I = lateral tendon of extensor digitorum digits I-V
3 - O = superolateral calcaneus, I = lateral tendon of extensor digitorum digits II-IV
4 - O = posterior calcaneus, I = lateral tendon of extensor digitorum digits I-V
3 - O = superolateral calcaneus, I = lateral tendon of extensor digitorum digits II-IV
What are the origin and insertion of the extensor hallucis brevis muscle?
1 - O = posterior calcaneus, I = lateral tendon of extensor digitorum digits I-V
2 - O = superolateral calcaneus, I = proximal phalanx on digit I
3 - O = superolateral calcaneus, I = lateral tendon of extensor digitorum digits II-IV
4 - O = posterior calcaneus, I = proximal phalanx on digit I
2 - O = superolateral calcaneus, I = proximal phalanx on digit I
There are 2 muscles of the dorsum (top of the foot) of the foot, the extensor digitorum brevis and extensor hallucis brevis. What nerve and nerve root innervates theses muscles?
1 - deep tibial nerve, L4-S1
2 - tibial nerve S2-S3
3 - deep fibular nerve, S1-S2
4 - superficial fibular nerve, L4-S1
3 - deep fibular nerve, S1-S2
What are the actions of each of the extensor digitorum brevis and extensor hallucis brevis muscles located on the dorsum (top of foot) part of the foot?
- extensor digitorum brevis = extends digits II-V
- extensor hallucis brevis = extends digit I the great toe
A key artery supplying the foot is labelled as 1 in the image. Which artery is this?
1 - superficial tibial artery
2 - medial plantar
3 - deep plantar
4 - dorsalis pedis artery
4 - dorsalis pedis artery
- can be taken as a pulse in peripheral vascular exam
The dorsalis pedis artery is a key artery supplying the foot. This artery can be used in the peripheral examination to take the pulse at the foot. What 2 tendons can be used to identify this?
1 - extensor hallucis longus and extensor digitorum longus
2 - flexor hallucis longus and flexor digitorum longus
3 - extensor hallucis brevis and extensor digitorum longus
4 - extensor hallucis longus and extensor digitorum brevis
1 - extensor hallucis longus and extensor digitorum longus
The dorsalis pedis artery is a key artery supplying the foot. Label the branches of this artery below using the labels:
- arcuate artery
- lateral tarsal artery (arch on dorsum)
- deep plantar artery (plantar surface: deep plantar arch, anastomose with lateral plantar artery)
1 - deep plantar artery (plantar surface: deep plantar arch, anastomose with lateral plantar artery)
2 - arcuate artery
3 - lateral tarsal artery (arch on dorsum)
What are the 2 key veins that drain the foot?
1 - great saphenous vein and lateral venous arch
2 - tibial vein and lateral venous arch
3 - fibula vein and lateral venous arch
4 - medial venous arch and lateral venous arch
4 - medial venous arch and lateral venous arch
What are the 2 key veins that drain the foot, that will ultimately drain into the popliteal vein and then femoral vein?
1 - small and great saphenous vein
2 - tibial and fibular vein
3 - medial and lateral saphenous vein
4 - dorsal veins
1 - small and great saphenous vein
How many intrinsic muscle layers are there on the plantar (sole) of the foot?
- 1-4
- superficial (1) to deep (4)
Once the skin has been removed from the plantar (sole) of the foot, what should be the first tendinous like structure we should encounter?
1 - plantar aponeurosis
2 - muscle tendons layer 1
3 - dorsal aponeurosis
4 - muscle tendon layer 2
1 - plantar aponeurosis
There are 3 muscles in the 1st layer of planter surface of the foot. Using the labels below, label the muscles:
Abductor hallucis
Flexor digitorum brevis
Abductor digiti minimi
1 = Abductor hallucis 2 = Abductor digiti minimi 3 = Flexor digitorum brevis
There are 3 muscles in the 1st layer of planter surface of the foot. What are the actions of each of these muscles, using the name to help?
Abductor hallucis
Flexor digitorum brevis
Abductor digiti minimi
- Abductor hallucis - abduct the great toe
- Flexor digitorum brevis - flex the digits II-V (2-5)
- Abductor digiti minimi - abduct the little toe
There are 3 muscles in the 1st layer of planter surface of the foot. The common origin of the 3 muscles below is the medial calcaneus. The Abductor hallucis is able to abduct and flex the big toes. What is the insertion of the Abductor hallucis?
1 - lateral side of proximal phalanx of great toe
2 - lateral side of distal phalanx of great toe
3 - medial side of medial phalanx of great toe
4 - lateral side of proximal phalanx of great toe
4 - lateral side of proximal phalanx of great toe
There are 3 muscles in the 1st layer of planter surface of the foot. The common origin of the 3 muscles below is the medial calcaneus. What is the insertion of the Abductor digiti minimi?
1 - lateral side of distal phalanx of little toe
2 - lateral side of proximal phalanx of little toe
3 - lateral side of middle phalanx of little toe
4 - medial side of proximal phalanx of little toe
2 - lateral side of proximal phalanx of little toe
There are 3 muscles in the 1st layer of planter surface of the foot. The common origin of the 3 muscles below is the medial calcaneus. What is the insertion of the Flexor digitorum brevis?
1 - sides of middle phalanx of digits II-IV
2 - sides of distal phalanx of digits II-IV
3 - sides of proximal phalanx of digits II-IV
4 - base of metatarsal of digits II-IV
1 - sides of middle phalanx of digits II-IV
There are 3 muscles in the 1st layer of planter surface of the foot. What is the common origin of the 3 muscles below:
Abductor hallucis
Flexor digitorum brevis
Abductor digiti minimi
- medial process of calcaneal tuberosity
There are 3 muscles in the 1st layer of planter surface of the foot. The Abductor hallucis and Flexor digitorum brevis are both supplied by the same nerve. What nerve is this and what nerve roots?
1 - deep tibial nerve, L4-S1
2 - medial planter nerve, S1-S3
3 - lateral planter nerve, S1-S3
4 - medial and lateral planter nerve, S1-S3
2 - medial planter nerve, S1-S3
There are 3 muscles in the 1st layer of planter surface of the foot. The Abductor digiti minimi has a different nerve innervation to the Abductor hallucis and Flexor digitorum brevis. What nerve innervates the Abductor digiti minimi?
1 - deep tibial nerve, L4-S1
2 - medial planter nerve, S1-S3
3 - lateral planter nerve, S1-S3
4 - medial and lateral planter nerve, S1-S3
3 - lateral planter nerve, S1-S3
There are 3 muscles in the 1st layer of planter surface of the foot, Abductor hallucis, Flexor digitorum brevis and Abductor digiti minimi, What blood vessels supply these muscles?
1 - deep tibial artery
2 - medial planter artery
3 - lateral planter artery
4 - medial and lateral planter artery
4 - medial and lateral planter artery
- branches of the tibial artery
There are 2 muscles in the 2nd layer of planter surface of the foot. Label them using the labels below:
Quadratus plantae
Lumbricals
1 = Lumbricals 2 = Quadratus plantae
There are 2 muscles in the 2nd layer of planter surface of the foot. What is the origin and insertion of the Quadratus plantae?
1 - O = medial and lateral surface of talus, I = tendon of flexor digitorum longus
2 - O = medial and lateral surface of navicular bone, I = tendon of flexor digitorum longus
3 - O = medial and lateral surface of calcaneus, I = tendon of flexor digitorum longus
4 - O = medial and lateral surface of calcaneus, I = tendon of flexor digitorum brevis
3 - O = medial and lateral surface of calcaneus, I = tendon of flexor digitorum longus
There are 2 muscles in the 2nd layer of planter surface of the foot. What is the origin and insertion of the Lumbricals?
1 - O = tendons of flexor digitorum longus, I = medial extensor hoods of digits II-V
2 - O = tendons of flexor digitorum brevis, I = medial extensor hoods of digit I
3 - O = tendons of flexor digitorum longus, I = medial extensor hoods of digits I-V
4 - O = tendons of flexor digitorum brevis, I = medial extensor hoods of digits II-V
1 - O = tendons of flexor digitorum longus, I = medial extensor hoods of digits II-V
There are 2 muscles in the 2nd layer of planter surface of the foot. What movements do the Lumbricals facilitate?
1 = flex digits at metatarsophalangeal joint and extension of interphalangeal joints 2 = extend digits at metatarsophalangeal joint and flex of interphalangeal joints 3 = flex digits at metatarsophalangeal joint and flex of interphalangeal joints 4 = extend digits at metatarsophalangeal joint and extend of interphalangeal joints
1 = flex digits at metatarsophalangeal joint and extension of interphalangeal joints
- just like lumbricals in the hands
There are 2 muscles in the 2nd layer of planter surface of the foot. What is the action of the Quadratus plantae?
1 - assist extensor digitorum longus in extending the toes
2 - assists flexor digitorum brevis tendon in flexing toes II-V
3 - assists flexor digitorum longus tendon in flexing toes II-V
4 - assists extensor digitorum longus tendon in flexing toes II-V
3 - assists flexor digitorum longus tendon in flexing toes II-V
Which artery provides blood supply to the Quadratus plantae and Lumbricals?
1 - lateral plantar artery
2 - medial plantar artery
3 - posterior tibial artery
4 - anterior tibial artery
- 1 - lateral plantar artery
Which nerve supplies the Quadratus plantae and Lumbricals?
1 - medial and lateral plantar nerve
2 - lateral and dorsal nerve
3 - posterior and medal plantar nerve
4 - anterior tibial nerve
1 - medial and lateral plantar nerve
There are 3 muscles in the 3rd layer of planter surface of the foot. Label them using the labels below:
Flexor hallucis brevis
Adductor hallucis
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
1 - Flexor digiti minimi brevis
2 - Adductor hallucis
3 - Flexor hallucis brevis
There are 3 muscles in the 3rd layer of planter surface of the foot. Using the names of the muscles, what are the actions they are able to facilitate?
Flexor hallucis brevis
Adductor hallucis
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
- Flexor hallucis brevis = flexion of great toe at metatarsophalangeal joint
- Adductor hallucis = adduction of the great toe
- Flexor digiti minimi brevis = flexion of digits II-V (2-5) at metatarsophalangeal joint
There are 3 muscles in the 3rd layer of planter surface of the foot. What is the origin and insertion of the adductor hallucis?
1 - O = cuboid and tibialis posterior tendon, I = sides of distal phalanx of great toe
2 - O = cuboid and tibialis anterior tendon, I = sides of proximal phalanx of great toe
3 - O = cuneiform and tibialis posterior tendon, I = sides of proximal phalanx of great toe
4 - O = navicular and tibialis posterior tendon, I = sides of proximal phalanx of great toe
2 - O = cuboid and tibialis anterior tendon, I = sides of proximal phalanx of great toe
There are 3 muscles in the 3rd layer of planter surface of the foot. What is the origin and insertion of the Flexor digiti minimi brevis?
1 - O = base of metatarsal V, I = base of proximal phalanx of digit V
2 - O = base of metatarsal II, I = base of proximal phalanx of digit V
3 - O = base of metatarsal V, I = base of proximal phalanx of digit IV
4 - O = base of metatarsal I, I = base of proximal phalanx of digit I
1 - O = base of metatarsal V, I = base of proximal phalanx of digit V
There are 3 muscles in the 3rd layer of planter surface of the foot. What is the origin and insertion of the Flexor hallucis brevis?
1 - lateral cuneiform and tibialis posterior tendon, I = side of proximal phalanx of digit II
2 - cuboid, lateral cuneiform and tibialis posterior tendon, I = side of proximal phalanx of digit II
3 - cuboid, lateral cuneiform and tibialis posterior tendon, I = side of proximal phalanx of digit I
4 - cuboid, and tibialis posterior tendon, I = side of proximal phalanx of digits I-III
3 - cuboid, lateral cuneiform and tibialis posterior tendon, I = side of proximal phalanx of digit I
There are 3 muscles in the 3rd layer of planter surface of the foot, as per below. What is the main blood supply to these muscles?
Flexor hallucis brevis
Adductor hallucis
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
1 - lateral plantar artery
2 - medial and lateral plantar artery
3 - posterior tibial artery
4 - anterior and posterior tibial artery
2 - medial and lateral plantar artery
There are 3 muscles in the 3rd layer of planter surface of the foot, as per below. What is the main innervation to these muscles?
Flexor hallucis brevis
Adductor hallucis
Flexor digiti minimi brevis
1 - medial and lateral plantar nerve
2 - lateral and dorsal nerve
3 - posterior and medal plantar nerve
4 - anterior tibial nerve
1 - medial and lateral plantar nerve
There are 2 muscles in the 4th layer of planter surface of the foot. Label them using the labels below:
Plantar interossei
Dorsal interossei
1 - Plantar interossei
2 - Dorsal interossei
The plantar interossei is one of the 2 muscles in the 4th layer of planter surface of the foot. What are the origins and insertions of these muscles?
1 - O = sides of adjacent metatarsals, I = extensor hoods of proximal phalanx digits II-IV
2 - O = sides of adjacent proximal phalanx, I = extensor hoods of proximal phalanx digits II-IV
3 - O = sides of adjacent middle phalanx, I = extensor hoods of proximal phalanx digits II-IV
4 - O = sides of adjacent distal phalanx, I = extensor hoods of proximal phalanx digits II-IV
1 - O = sides of adjacent metatarsals, I = extensor hoods of proximal phalanx digits II-IV
The dorsal interossei is one of the 2 muscles in the 4th layer of planter surface of the foot, but is on the dorsal layer (top of the foot). What are the origins and insertions of these muscles?
1 - O = lateral sides of adjacent metatarsals, I = extensor hoods of proximal phalanx digits II-IV
2 - O = sides of adjacent proximal phalanx, I = extensor hoods of proximal phalanx digits II-IV
3 - O = sides of adjacent middle phalanx, I = extensor hoods of proximal phalanx digits II-IV
4 - O = medial sides of adjacent metatarsals, I = extensor hoods of proximal phalanx digits III-V
4 - O = medial sides of adjacent metatarsals, I = extensor hoods of proximal phalanx digits III-V
There are 2 muscles in the 4th layer of planter surface of the foot, Plantar interossei and Dorsal interossei. What is the blood supply to these muscles?
1 - lateral plantar artery
2 - medial and lateral plantar artery
3 - posterior tibial artery
4 - anterior and posterior tibial artery
1 - lateral plantar artery
There are 2 muscles in the 4th layer of planter surface of the foot, Plantar interossei and Dorsal interossei. What is the innervation supply to these muscles?
1 - lateral plantar nerve and deep fibular nerve (S2-S3)
2 - lateral and dorsal nerve (L5-S1)
3 - posterior and medal plantar nerve (S1-S3)
4 - anterior tibial and deep fibular nerve (S1-S2)
1 - lateral plantar nerve and deep fibular nerve (S2-S3)
There are 2 muscles in the 4th layer of planter surface of the foot, Plantar interossei and Dorsal interossei. When thinking about the actions of these muscles we can use the mnemonic PAD and DAB, what do these mean?
- PAD = Plantar inerossei ADduct the toes
- DAB = Dorsal interossei ABduct the toes
Label the 3 arches of the foot using the labels below:
transverse arch
medial longitudinal arch
lateral longitudinal arch
medial longitudinal arch
lateral longitudinal arch
transverse arch
What are the basic functions of the arch?
- shock absorption
- adapt to contour of ground
- balance
- propulsion
What provides dynamic support to the arch of the foot?
1 - ligaments
2 - tendons
3 - bones
4 - muscles
4 - muscles
What provides passive support to the arch of the foot?
1 - ligaments
2 - tendons
3 - bones
4 - muscles
1 - ligaments
What is the tarsal tunnel?
- passageway in the ankle allowing tendons and neurovasculature structures into the foot
There is a fibrous structure that is formed from a continuous by its upper border with the deep fascia of the leg, and by its lower border with the plantar aponeurosis and the fibres of origin of the abductor hallucis muscle. What is the name of this structure?
1 - flexor retinaculum
2 - medial retinaculum
3 - extensor retinaculum
4 - lateral retinaculum
1 - flexor retinaculum
The flexor retinaculum is a fibrous structure that is formed from a continuous by its upper border with the deep fascia of the leg, and by its lower border with the plantar aponeurosis and the fibres of origin of the abductor hallucis muscle. What 2 bony landmarks mark the flexor retinaculum and the tarsal tunnel?
medial malleolus above, to the calcaneus below
The flexor retinaculum is a fibrous structure that is formed from a continuous by its upper border with the deep fascia of the leg, and by its lower border with the plantar aponeurosis and the fibres of origin of the abductor hallucis muscle. There are 2 bony landmarks marking the flexor retinaculum and the tarsal tunnel, the medial malleolus above, to the calcaneus below. Using the mnemonic Tom, Dick And a Very Nervous Harry, what passes through the tarsal tunnel?
- Tom = Tibialis posterior tendon
- Dick = flexor Digitorum longus tendon
- And = posterior tibial Artery
- Very = Vein
- Nervous = tibial Nerve
- Harry = flexor Hallucis longus tendon
There are 3 extrinsic foot muscles of the leg that not only contribute to movements, but also contribute to arch stability of the foot. What are these muscles called?
1 - tibialis anterior, tibialis poster, fibularis longus
2 - tibialis anterior, tibialis poster, fibularis brevis
3 - tibialis anterior, extensor digitorum longus, fibularis longus
4 - extensor digitorum longus, tibialis poster, fibularis longus
1 - tibialis anterior, tibialis poster, fibularis longus
