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Year 2 MIS > Morphological Plan of the Upper Limb, Shoulder, and Spine > Flashcards

Morphological Plan of the Upper Limb, Shoulder, and Spine Flashcards

1
Q

Mammals are said to be quadrupedal, but what does this mean?

A
  • use 4 all 4 feet (quad) to wall, run, climb

- man is NOT quadrupedal

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2
Q

Men are said to be bipedal, but what does this mean?

A
  • use of 2 legs to walk

- upper body is free for other activity

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3
Q

Which 2 bones make up the shoulder region of the upper limb?

A
  • clavicle

- scapula

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4
Q

How many bones are in the upper limb normally?

A
  • 32
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5
Q

There are generally 32 bones in the upper limb, what are they?

A
  • shoulder and clavicle = 2
  • humerus, radius, ulna = 3
  • carpal bones = 8
  • metacarpal bones = 5
  • phalanges = 14
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6
Q

What is the main plexus that supplies the upper limbs?

A
  • brachial plexus
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7
Q

The brachial plexus supplies the upper limbs. What nerve roots does this originate from?

A
  • C5-C8 and T1
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8
Q

What does tubercle mean in relation to bone?

A
  • small rounded nodule or raised area
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9
Q

A tubercle in relation to bone are small rounded nodule or raised area. What is the normal function for these?

A
  • muscle attachment site
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10
Q

Label the posterior view of the shoulder girdle using the labels below:

spine
inferior angle
superior angle
deltoid tuberosity

A

1 - superior angle
2 - spine
3 - inferior angle
4 - deltoid tuberosity

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11
Q

Label the anterior view of the humerus and clavicle using the labels below:

coracoid
acromion
lateral epicondyle
greater tubercle
medialepicondyle
lesser tubercle
intertubercular sulcus (bicipital groove)
A 
1 - acromion
2 - lesser tubercle (more medial)
3 - greater tubercle (more lateral)
4 - coracoid
5 - intertubercular sulcus (sits in between lesser and greater tubercle) also called the bicipital groove
6 - lateral epicondyle
7 - medial epicondyle
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12
Q

The radius and ulna are the bones of the forearm. Which one ends closer to the thumb?

A
  • radius
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13
Q

Label the radius and ulna bones using the labels below:

head
olecranon
radial tuberosity
coronoid
ulna tuberosity
interosseous membrane
styloid process of ulna
styloid process of radius
A 
1 - head
2 - radial tuberosity
3 - styloid process of radius
4 - olecranon
5 - coronoid
6 - ulna tuberosity
7 - interosseous membrane
8 - styloid process of ulna
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14
Q

When looking at the following bones, are they characterised as long, short, irregular or flat bones:

  • scapula
  • humerus
  • radius
  • ulna
A
  • scapula = flat bone
  • humerus = long bone
  • radius = long bone
  • ulna = long bone
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15
Q

What part of the radius is important to ensure the carpal bones are able to articulate with them?

A
  • radial styloid processes
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16
Q

What is the name of the joint at the shoulder where the humerus and scapula meet and what type of synovial joint is this from the list below?

  • ball and socket joint
  • hinge joint
  • pivot joint
  • saddle joint
  • plane joint
  • condyloid joint
A
  • glenohumeral joint

- ball and socket joint

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17
Q

What is the name of the joint at the elbow where the humerus, radius and ulna meet and what type of synovial joint is this from the list below?

  • ball and socket joint
  • hinge joint
  • pivot joint
  • saddle joint
  • plane joint
  • condyloid joint
A
  • radiohumeral joint
  • ulnarhumeral joint
  • both are hinge joints
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18
Q

The ulnar joint does not come into direct contact with the carpal bones. Instead what sits between the styloid process of the ulnar and the carpal bones?

A
  • fibrocartilaginous ligament, called the articular disk
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19
Q

Label the 3 groups of bones of the hand using the labels below:

carpal
phalanges
meta-phalanges

A

1 - phalanges
2 - meta-phalanges
3 - carpal

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20
Q

The saddle joint, a form of synovial joint, of the thumb is what allows us as humans to have opposable thumbs. What 2 bones meet here to form the saddle joint?

A
  • 1st metacarpal of thumb

- trapezium carpal bone

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21
Q

What is the correct term used to describe the joints of the knuckles of the hand?

A
  • metacarpophalangeal joint
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22
Q

What is the name of the joint that allows the fingers to flex towards the palm?

A
  • proximal interphalangeal joints (between 1st and 2nd phalanges)
  • distal interphalangeal joints (between 2nd and third phalanges
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23
Q

What is opposition of the thumb?

A
  • movement that allows the thumb to touch the finger tips
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24
Q

Label the 3 major muscles of the thoracic area that connect to the upper limb to the trunk on the anterior view using the labels below:

pectoralis minor
pectoralis major
serratus anterior

A

1 - pectoralis minor
2 - serratus anterior
3 - pectoralis major

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25
Q

Which muscle extends from the coracoid process of the scapula and attaches to the shaft of the humerus?

A
  • coracobrachialis
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26
Q

Label the 3 muscles of the upper arm that facilitate flexion using the labels below:

coracobrachialis
bicep brachii
brachialis

A

1 - coracobrachialis
2 - bicep brachii
3 - brachialis

27
Q

Which muscles facilitate extension of the upper limb at the elbow joint?

A
  • triceps

- long, lateral and medial heads

28
Q

The majority of the flexor muscles of the wrist and digits generally originate from where?

A
  • medial epicondyle
29
Q

The majority of the extensor muscles of the wrist and digits generally originate from where?

A
  • lateral epicondyle
30
Q

Label the muscles of the palm using the labels below:

thenar muscles
hypothenar muscles

A

1 - thenar muscles

2 - hypothenar muscles

31
Q

As we develop, so to do the curvatures of the spine. Which region changes the most?

1 - cervical region
2 - thoracic
3 - lumbar
4 - sacrum

A

1 - cervical region

32
Q

What is lordosis in relation to the spine?

A
  • inward curvature of the spine
33
Q

What is kyphosis in relation to the spine?

A
  • curvature of the spine forwards

- creates view of bending forward at top of spine

34
Q

The intervertebral discs that act as shock absorbers and separate the vertebral bones have 2 main parts. What is the annulus fibrosus?

1 - nucleus pulposus
2 - tough fibrous outer layer of the disc
3 - intervertebral pulposus
4 - layer of hyaline cartilage

A

2 - tough fibrous outer layer of the disc

35
Q

The intervertebral discs that act as shock absorbers and separate the vertebral bones have 2 main parts. What is the nucleus pulposus?

1 - nucleus pulposus
2 - tough fibrous outer layer of the disc
3 - intervertebral pulposus
4 - layer of hyaline cartilage

A

1 - nucleus pulposus

  • soft inner core
  • composed of mainly water and collagen, acts as a cushion
36
Q

The intervertebral discs sit between the vertebrae of the spinal. What type of joint is this?

1 - sutures
2 - synchondroses
3 - gomphoses
4 - symphysis

A
  • symphysis a form of fibrocartilaginous joint

- a joint in which the body (physis) of one bone meets the body of another

37
Q

The intervertebral discs that act as shock absorbers and separate the vertebral bones have 2 main parts as we can see in the image below, the nucleus pulpous and the annulus fibrosus. Does the thickness of the intervertebral discs change in the spine or is it the same throughout?

A
  • increases as we move down the spine

- designed to facilitate weight transmission in lower limbs

38
Q

In addition to the intervertebral discs there are joints between each vertebrae. What are these joints called, and from the list below what type of joints are these?

1 - gliding joint
2 - ball and socket joint
3 - condyloid joint
4 - saddle joint

A
  • facet joints

1 - gliding joint

39
Q

In addition to the intervertebral discs there are joints between each vertebrae. These are called facet joints, and are a from of synovial joint, specifically gliding joints. What are the 2 parts for the corresponding vertebrae that meet to form these joints?

1 - middle and superior articular process
2 - inferior and middle articular process
3 - inferior and lower articular process
4 - inferior and superior articular process

A

4 - inferior and superior articular process

  • inferior articular process (upper vertebrae)
  • superior articular process (lower vertebrae)
40
Q

In addition to the intervertebral discs there are joints between each vertebrae. These are called facet joints, and are a form of synovial joint, specifically gliding joints. The angle of these joints vary amongst different regions of the spine. Why is this?

A
  • allows different movements at different regions of the spine
41
Q

In addition to the intervertebral discs there are joints between each vertebrae. These are called facet joints, and are a from of synovial joint, specifically gliding joints. The angle of these joints vary amongst different regions of the spine to allow for different types of movement. Which region of the spine allows flexion, extension and rotation?

1 - cervical
2 - thoracic
3 - lumbar
4 - sacral

A

1 - cervical

42
Q

In addition to the intervertebral discs there are joints between each vertebrae. These are called facet joints, and are a from of synovial joint, specifically gliding joints. The angle of these joints vary amongst different regions of the spine to allow for different types of movement. Which region of the spine allows rotation only?

1 - cervical
2 - thoracic
3 - lumbar
4 - sacral

A

2 - thoracic

- attachment to ribs limits movement here

43
Q

In addition to the intervertebral discs there are joints between each vertebrae. These are called facet joints, and are a from of synovial joint, specifically gliding joints. The angle of these joints vary amongst different regions of the spine to allow for different types of movement. Which region of the spine allows flexion and extension only?

1 - cervical
2 - thoracic
3 - lumbar
4 - sacral

A

3 - lumbar

44
Q

Using the labels below, label the ligaments that reinforce, stabilise the joints of the spine and limit range of movement:

  • ligamentum flavum
  • interspinous ligament
  • supraspinous ligament
  • posterior longitudinal ligament
  • anterior longitudinal ligament
A 
1 - anterior longitudinal ligament
2 - posterior longitudinal ligament
3 - ligamentum flavum 
4 - interspinous ligament
5 - supraspinous ligament
45
Q

Using the labels below, label the ligaments that reinforce, stabilise the joints of the spine and limit range of movement. What range of movement does the anterior longitudinal ligament limit?

A
  • hyper-extension
46
Q

Using the labels below, label the ligaments that reinforce, stabilise the joints of the spine and limit range of movement. What range of movement does the posterior longitudinal ligament and ligamentum flavum limit?

A
  • hyper-flexion
47
Q

The interspinous ligaments (interspinal ligaments) are thin and membranous ligaments that stabilise and limit movement of the spine. What do these ligaments attach?

A
  • adjoining spinous processes of the vertebra in the spine
48
Q

The supraspinous ligaments are thin and membranous ligaments that stabilise and limit movement of the spine. What do these ligaments attach?

A
  • connects the tips of each vertebrae
49
Q

The muscles of the back can be split into intrinsic and extrinsic muscles. What does intrinsic and extrinsic relate to in this?

A
  • intrinsic = deep muscles

- extrinsic = superficial muscles

50
Q

The muscles of the back can be split into intrinsic and extrinsic muscles, relating to:

  • intrinsic = deep muscles
  • extrinsic = superficial muscles

What separates these?

A
  • thoracolumbar fascia
51
Q

When looking at the muscles of the back, they can be split into intrinsic and extrinsic muscles, relating to:

  • intrinsic = deep muscles
  • extrinsic = superficial muscles

Which group of muscles relates to postural and vertebral movement and which relates to upper limb and rib movements?

A
  • intrinsic (deep muscles) = postural and vertebral movement

- extrinsic (superficial muscles) = upper limb and rib movements

52
Q

Label the 5 main muscles from the extrinsic (superficial) muscles of the back using the labels below:

Trapezius
Rhomboid minor
Levator scapulae
Rhomboid major
Latissimus dorsi
A 
1 - Trapezius
2 - Latissimus dorsi
3 - Levator scapulae
4 - Rhomboid major
5 - Rhomboid minor
53
Q

There are 5 main muscles below from the extrinsic (superficial) muscles of the back, and seen in the image below:

Trapezius
Rhomboid minor
Levator scapulae
Rhomboid major
Latissimus dorsi

What is the main movement of the trapezius muscle?

A
  • rotate the scapula
54
Q

There are 5 main muscles below from the extrinsic (superficial) muscles of the back, and seen in the image below:

Trapezius
Rhomboid minor
Levator scapulae
Rhomboid major
Latissimus dorsi

What are the main movements of the latissimus dorsi muscle?

A
  • extends, adducts and medially rotates humerus
55
Q

There are 5 main muscles below from the extrinsic (superficial) muscles of the back, and seen in the image below:

Trapezius
Rhomboid minor
Levator scapulae
Rhomboid major
Latissimus dorsi

What are the main movements of the levator scapulae muscle?

A
  • elevates scapula
56
Q

There are 5 main muscles below from the extrinsic (superficial) muscles of the back, and seen in the image below:

Trapezius
Rhomboid minor
Levator scapulae
Rhomboid major
Latissimus dorsi

What are the main movements of the rhomboid muscles?

A
  • retracts & elevates scapula
57
Q

There are 5 main muscles below from the extrinsic (superficial) muscles of the back, and seen in the image below:

Trapezius
Rhomboid minor
Levator scapulae
Rhomboid major
Latissimus dorsi

Which muscle can be used in breast reconstruction?

A
  • latissimus dorsi
58
Q

Is the rhomboid minor or major located more superiorly?

A
  • rhomboid minor
59
Q

There are 2 main intermediate groups of muscles that are part of the extrinsic muscles of the back that we need to be aware of. Label them in the image below using the labels below:

Serratus Posterior Superior
Serratus Posterior Inferior

A

1 - Serratus Posterior Superior

2 - Serratus Posterior Inferior

60
Q

There are 2 main intermediate groups of muscles that are part of the extrinsic muscles of the back that we need to be aware of, the serratus Posterior Superior and Inferior. What is the main action of each of these muscles?

A
  • Serratus Posterior Superior = elevates ribs 2-5

- Serratus Posterior Inferior = depresses ribs 9-12

61
Q

Label the 3 intrinsic (deep muscles) below, using the labels provided:

  • splenius (most superficial (in neck))
  • erector spinae (main group)
  • multifidus (very deep muscles)
A

1 - erector spinae (main group)
2 - multifidus (very deep muscles)
3 - splenius (most superficial (in neck))

62
Q

The multifidus muscles are part of the intrinsic (deep) muscles of the back. What do these muscles connect?

A
  • individual vertebrae

- assist with rotational movements

63
Q

The erector spinae muscles are part of the intrinsic (deep) muscles of the back. What is the main function of these muscles?

A
  • maintain and erect posture

- facilitate extension/laterally flex/rotate vertebral column

64
Q

The erector spinae muscles are part of the intrinsic (deep) muscles of the back. There are three muscles that make up the erector spinae. Lebel them in the image below using these labels:

iliocostalis
longissimus
spinalis

A

1 - spinalis/multifidus (medial as closest to spine)
2 - longissimus
3 - ileocostalis (closest to the ribs)

Year 2 MIS (48 decks)

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