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Year 2 MIS > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

What is a myeloblast?

1 - form of leukocyte
2 - form of monocyte
3 - stem cell able to differentiate into leukocytes
4 - stem cell able to differentiate into RBCs

A

3 - stem cell able to differentiate into leukocytes
- stimulated by G-CSF (granulocyte colony stimulating factor) and other cytokines triggers maturation, differentiation, proliferation and cell survival of myeloblasts

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2
Q

Myeloblast are stem cell able to differentiate into leukocyte once stimulated by G-CSF and other cytokines triggers their maturation, differentiation, proliferation and cell survival of myeloblasts. What 5 cells can myeloblast differentiate into?

1 - T cells, macrophages, basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils
2 - monocytes, B cells, basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils
3 - monocytes, NK cells, basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils
4 - monocytes, macrophages, basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils

A

4 - monocytes, macrophages, basophils, neutrophils, eosinophils

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3
Q

White blood cells can be divided into 2 main categories. what are they?

1 - Granulocytes and Lymphocytes
2 - Agranulocytes and Lymphocytes
3 - Granulocytes and Leukocytes
4 - Agranulocytes and Granulocytes

A

4 - Agranulocytes and Granulocytes

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4
Q

White blood cells can be divided into 2 main categories agranulocytes and granulocytes. What are granulocytes?

A
  • WBC cells that contain granules that contain enzymes

- granules can be see on histology

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5
Q

Granulocytes are forms of WBC that contain granules that contain enzymes. The granules can be see on histology. What are the 3 types of granular WBC?

1 - neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils
2 -T cells, eosinophils, basophils
3 - neutrophils, B cells, basophils
4 - neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes

A

1 - neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils

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6
Q

White blood cells can be divided into 2 main categories agranulocytes and granulocytes. What are agranulocytes?

A
  • WBC that do not contain granules

- this can be seen on histology

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7
Q

Agaranulocytes are WBC that do not contain granules, which can be detected on histology. What are the 2 main WBCs that are agaranulocytes?

1 - neutrophils, basophils
2 -T cells,, basophils
3 - lymphocytes, monocytes
4 - monocytes, eosinophils

A

3 - lymphocytes, monocytes

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8
Q

One form of granulocytes has a lighter nucleus with clear granules contained within. There are 3 separate nucleus. In the image below what granulocyte can we see?

1 - neutrophils
2 - basophil
3 - eosinophil
4 - monocyte

A

1 - neutrophils

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9
Q

One form of granulocytes has 2 rounded nucleus with red granules contained within as the proteins are basic and when eosin binds they appear pink/red. In the image below what granulocyte can we see?

1 - neutrophils
2 - basophil
3 - eosinophil
4 - monocyte

A

3 - eosinophil

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10
Q

One form of granulocytes has a dark purple/blue nucleus, although often this cannot be seen. The contents of this WBC bind haemotoxylin well so they appear purple/blue and there is little or no cytoplasm seen. In the image below what granulocyte can we see?

1 - neutrophils
2 - basophil
3 - eosinophil
4 - monocyte

A

2 - basophil

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11
Q

One form of agranulocytes has a similar size to RBCs with a small amount of cytoplasm visible. What cell is present in the image below?

1 - neutrophils
2 - monocyte
3 - lymphocyte
4 - monocyte

A

3 - lymphocyte

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12
Q

One form of agranulocytes has a musch larger size than a RBCs with a kidney bean shaped nucleus. What cell is present in the image below?

1 - neutrophils
2 - monocyte
3 - lymphocyte
4 - monocyte

A

2 - monocyte

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13
Q

What 2 cells are present amongst the RBCs in the image below?

1 - neutrophil and basophil
2 - neutrophil and monocyte
3 - monocyte and eosinophil
4 - monocytes and basophil

A

2 - neutrophil and monocyte

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14
Q

What 2 cells are present amongst the RBCs in the image below?

1 - neutrophil and basophil
2 - neutrophil and eosinophil
3 - monocyte and eosinophil
4 - monocytes and basophil

A

2 - neutrophil and eosinophil

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15
Q

What cell is present amongst the RBCs in the image below?

1 - neutrophil
2 - lymphocyte
3 - monocyte
4 - basophil

A

2 - lymphocyte

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16
Q

What 2 cells are present amongst the RBCs in the image below?

1 - neutrophil and lymphocyte
2 - neutrophil and eosinophil
3 - monocyte and lymphocyte
4 - lymphocyte and basophil

A

1 - neutrophil and lymphocyte

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17
Q

What 3 cells are present amongst the RBCs in the image below?

1 - neutrophil, basophil, monocyte
2 - neutrophil, basophil, lymphocyte
3 - monocyte, lymphocyte, eosinophil
4 - monocytes, basophil, lymphocyte

A

2 - neutrophil, basophil, lymphocyte

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18
Q

What 2 cells are present amongst the RBCs in the image below?

1 - neutrophil, basophil
2 - neutrophil, lymphocyte
3 - monocyte, neutrophil
4 - monocytes, basophil

A

3 - monocyte, neutrophil

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19
Q

There is an area of the spleen that acts as an interface between the non-lymphoid red pulp and the lymphoid white-pulp of the spleen. Here dendritic cells, macrophages and B-cells meet each other. What is the name of this area?

1 - red/white pulp zone
2 - marginal zone
3 - cortex
4 - medullary

A

2 - marginal zone

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20
Q

What are the 2 primary immune sites of the body?

1 - bone marrow and thyroid
2 - bone marrow and spleen
3 - bone marrow and thymus
4 - bone marrow and kidney

A

3 - bone marrow and thymus

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21
Q

What are the 2 secondary immune sites of the body?

1 - lymph nodes and thyroid
2 - bone marrow and spleen
3 - lymph nodes and spleen
4 - bone marrow and kidney

A

3 - lymph nodes and spleen

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22
Q

The thymus is composed of the medulla (central) and the cortex. Where does the majority of T cell development occur?

1 - capsule
2 - cortex
3 - interlobular septum
4 - medulla

A

2 - cortex

- final stage is in the medulla before being released into the circulation

23
Q

In the spleen there is a white and red pulp. Where do these names come from?

A
  • red pulp = contains RBCs

- white pulp = contains WBCs

24
Q

Why are there a lot of macrophages present in the spleen?

1 - phagocytose old RBCs
2 - created in the spleen
3 - mature in the spleen
4 - where they go to undergo apoptosis

A

1 - phagocytose old RBCs

25
Q

The spleen is surrounded by connective tissue. What makes up connective tissue?

1 - collagen
2 - fibroblasts
3 - cartilage
4 - epithelial cells

A

2 - fibroblasts

26
Q

What artery provides blood supply to the spleen?

1 - renal artery
2 - aorta
3 - splenic artery
4 - hepatic artery

A

3 - splenic artery

27
Q

What immune cell type is in the highest abundance in acute inflammation?

1 - eosinophil
2 - monocyte
3 - macrophage
4 - neutrophil

A

4 - neutrophil

28
Q

What immune cell type is in the highest abundance in chronic inflammation?

1 - eosinophil
2 - lymphocytes
3 - macrophage
4 - neutrophil

A

2 - lymphocytes

29
Q

What is endochondral ossification?

A
  • formation of bone
  • precursor chondrocytes (cartilage) is present
  • the name includes chrondro, What is intramembranous ossification does not
30
Q

What is intramembranous ossification?

A
  • bone formation

- chondrocytes (cartilage) is not present

31
Q

What is hyaline cartilage and where can it be found in the body?

1 - cartilage composed of type III collagen found in the ears and nose
2 - cartilage composed of type II collagen on articular surface of synovial joints
3 - cartilage composed of type II collagen found in the vertebral discs
4 - cartilage composed of type II collagen found in menisci of synovial joints

A

2 - cartilage composed of type II collagen on articular surface of synovial joints

32
Q

What is fibrocartilage cartilage and where can it be found in the body?

A
  • form of cartilage composed of fibroblasts and type I and II collagen
  • located at joint menisci, intervertebral discs and articular discs
33
Q

What is the name of the cell that begins secreting extracellular matrix that makes up cartilage?

1 - osteoblasts
2 - osteocytes
3 - chondrocytes
4 - chondroblasts

A

4 - chondroblasts

34
Q

Chondroblasts begins secreting extracellular matrix that makes up cartilage. As they continue to secrete extracellular matrix they can get trapped in an opening called what?

1 - lacunae
2 - pits
3 - haversian canals
4 - canniculi

A

1 - lacunae

35
Q

Chondroblasts begins secreting extracellular matrix that makes up cartilage. As they continue to secrete extracellular matrix they can get trapped in openings called lacunae. What do the chondroblasts then become?

1 - osteoblasts
2 - osteocytes
3 - chondrocytes
4 - chondroblasts

A

3 - chondrocytes

36
Q

Chondroblasts begins secreting extracellular matrix that makes up cartilage. As they continue to secrete extracellular matrix they can get trapped in openings called lacunae, becoming chondrocytes. Do the chondrocytes continue secreting extracellular matrix?

A
  • a little but generally no

- generally maintain and repair cartilage

37
Q

What are the 2 main components of the extracellular matrix that are secreted by chondroblasts?

1 - collagen and lectins
2 - collagen and elastin
3 - collagen and proteoglycans
4 - collagen and fibrins

A

2 - collagen and elastin

- ensure extracellular matrix is stretchy but stable

38
Q

What are the 3 types of cartilage in the body?

1 -hyaline and fibrocartilage and stretchy
2 - elastin, hyaline and fibrocartilage
3 - elastin, fibrosive, and fibrocartilage
4 - elastin, hyaline, rubor

A

2 - elastin, hyaline and fibrocartilage

39
Q

There are 3 types of cartilage in the body elastin, hyaline and fibrocartilage. Where would we find elastin in the body and why?

A
  • ears and epiglottis in areas that need to stretch

- lots of elastin and some collagen type II present

40
Q

There are 3 types of cartilage in the body elastin, hyaline and fibrocartilage. What is the most common type of cartilage in the body?

41
Q

There are 3 types of cartilage in the body elastin, hyaline and fibrocartilage. The most common type of cartilage in the body is hyaline cartilage. Does hyaline cartilage contain high levels of collagen type II and elastin?]

A
  • high collagen type II but low elastin

- makes it stronger but less flexible

42
Q

There are 3 types of cartilage in the body elastin, hyaline and fibrocartilage. The most common type of cartilage in the body is hyaline cartilage. Hyaline cartilage has a high amount of collagen type II but low elastin, making it stronger but less flexible. Where would we find this type of cartilage in the body?

A
  • nose
  • articular cartilage at ends of bones
  • inside of larynx
  • rings of the trachea
  • costal cartilage of ribs
43
Q

There are 3 types of cartilage in the body elastin, hyaline and fibrocartilage. Does fibrocartilage contain high levels of collagen type I and elastin?

A
  • high type I collagen, much tougher than type II collagen

- low levels of elastin

44
Q

There are 3 types of cartilage in the body elastin, hyaline and fibrocartilage. Fibrocartilage contains high levels of collagen type 1 and low levels of elastin. Where can fibrocartilage be found in the body?

A
  • menisci in joints

- intervertebral discs of spine

45
Q

What is the name of the middle of the bone?

1 - metaphysis
2 - medullary cavity
3 - epiphysis
4 - lumen

A

2 - medullary cavity

46
Q

Bones are composed of long tubes with a canal running through its centre. What are these long tubes and canals called?

1 - lacuna and volkman canals
2 - lacuna and haversian canals
3 - osteoids and haversian canals
4 - osteoids and volkman canals

A

3 - osteoids and haversian canals

47
Q

The haversian canals are lined with a specific type of cell. What cells are these?

1 - lacuna
2 - osteocytes
3 - osteoclasts
4 - osteoblasts

A

4 - osteoblasts

48
Q

There are faint lines through the osteoids when we look at the histology of bones. What are these lines called?

1 - lamella
2 - lacuna
3 - volkmann canal
4 - canaliculi

A

1 - lamella

49
Q

There are faint lines through the osteoids when we look at the histology of bones called lamella. They contain openings throughout with a cell contained within. What are these openings called and what cells are located within them?

1 - lamella and osteoblasts
2 - lacuna and osteocytes
3 - volkmann canal and osteocytes
4 - canaliculi and osteocytes

A

2 - lacuna and osteocytes

50
Q

What is the name of the lines that distinguishes old bone from new remodelling bone?

1 - lacuna
2 - canaliculi
3 - cement line
4 - marginal line

A

3 - cement line

51
Q

What is the layer of connective tissue surrounding the bone?

1 - epiphysis
2 - articular cartilage
3 - endosteum
4 - periosteum

A

4 - periosteum

52
Q

What is the layer of connective tissue covering the medullary cavity of the bone?

1 - epiphysis
2 - articular cartilage
3 - endosteum
4 - periosteum

A

3 - endosteum

53
Q

How can we distinguish between muscle and tendon on histology?

A
  • no striation in tendons
54
Q

What is the term given to the patterns we can see in osteosarcomas?

1 - smooth
2 - twisted
3 - lacy
4 - mosiac

A

3 - lacy patterns

Year 2 MIS (48 decks)

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