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Year 2 MIS > Mechanism of adaptive immunity > Flashcards

Mechanism of adaptive immunity Flashcards

1
Q

Do T helper cells CD4+ or cytotoxic T cells CD8+ bind with MHC-I and MHC-II?

A

CD8+ T-cells = MHC-I (8 / 1 = 1)

CD4+ T cells = MHC-II (4 / 2 = 2)

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2
Q

T cells are able to recognise what type of antigens?

1 - peptides
2 - carbohydrates
3 - lipids

A

1 - peptides

- these are endogenous antigens so they are only peptides

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3
Q

B cells are able to recognise what type of antigens?

1 - peptides
2 - carbohydrates
3 - lipids

A
  • can recognise all 3
    1 - peptides
    2 - carbohydrates
    3 - lipids
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4
Q

What are the 2 names given to how B cells can be activated?

A

1 - T cell independent

2 - T cell dependent

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5
Q

B cells can be activated in 2 ways, T cell dependent and T cell independent. What is the first stimulation in the T cell independent activation?

1 - B cell binds with an antigen
2 - B cells interact with antigen presenting cells
3 - B cells are released from lymphoid tissue
4 - B cells bind to PRRs

A

1 - B cell binds with an antigen

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6
Q

B cells can be activated in 2 ways, cell dependent and T cell independent. In the 1st stimulation of B cell activation that is T cell independent, how many receptors (antibodies) need to bind to ensure the initial signal is successful?

1 - 1
2 - 2
3 - 3
4 - 4

A

2 - 2

  • B cell receptors need to be dimers in order for intracellular phosphorylation to occur
  • B cell receptors belong to the tyrosine kinase receptor family
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7
Q

Following the 1st signal in T cell independent B cell activation, what provides the 2nd co-stimulatory signal that is required to activate B cells?

1 - Toll like receptors
2 - Pathogen associated molecular patterns
3 - Damage associated molecular patterns
4 - T cell receptors

A

1 - Toll like receptors

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8
Q

Once a B cell has bound to at least 2 antigens, endocytosed the antigen, created a specific MHC-II molecule for the antigen on the cell surface with the antigen bound and recieved its 2nd stimulation from TLR the B cell is active. Can this cell then go onto proliferate, produce plasma cells and antibodies?

A
  • yes

- BUT only the antibody they started with which is either IgM or IgD

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9
Q

B cells that are activated via the T cell independent mechanism will differentiate into plasma cells. These plasma cells will then produce what class of antibodies?

A
  • whatever the class of the activated B cell was

- so if IgM it will only be able to produce IgM antibodies

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10
Q

Once an antigen is bound to the MHC-II molecules what type of T cell do B cells need to bind with as part of the T cell dependent activation?

1 - CD4+ T helper cells
2 - T helper cells = CD8
3 - cytotoxic CD8 T cells
4 - cytotoxic CD4 T cells

A

1 - CD4+ T helper cells

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11
Q

What is the 1st signal required in the T cell dependent activation of a B cell?

1 - B cell binds CD4 T helper cell
2 - B cell binds CD8 T helper cell
3 - B cell binds CD4 T cytotoxic cell
4 - B cell binds CD8 T cytotoxic cell

A

1 - B cell binds CD4 T helper cell

- this acts as signal 1 for both B and T cell activation

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12
Q

Once an antigen is bound to the MHC-II molecules on B cells, the B cells then bind with T helper cells (CD4+) as part of the T cell dependent activation, which also activates the T helper cell. What is the next molecules that bind together between the B and T cells, that acts as a second signal for the T cells?

1 - CD20L (ligand) on T cell and CD80/CD86 on B cell
2 - CD28 (ligand) on T cell and CD40 on B cell
3 - CD10L (ligand) on T cell and CD80/CD86 on B cell
4 - CD28 (ligand) on T cell and CD80/CD86 on B cell

A

4 - CD28 (ligand) on T cell and CD80/CD86 on B cell

  • this is the 2nd stimulation for the T cell only
  • remember CD28 and CD80 both have an 8
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13
Q

Once an antigen is bound to the MHC-II molecules on B cells, the B cells then bind with T helper cells (CD4+) as part of the T cell dependent activation, which also activates the T helper cell. CD28 (ligand) on the T cell then binds with CD80/CD86 on the B cell providing a 2nd stimulation to the T cell only. What binds between the B and T cell that is the 2nd signal for the B cell?

1 - CD20L (ligand) on T cell and CD20 on B cell
2 - CD20L (ligand) on T cell and CD40 on B cell
3 - CD10L (ligand) on T cell and CD10 on B cell
4 - CD40L (ligand) on T cell and CD40 on B cell

A

4 - CD40L (ligand) on T cell and CD40 on B cell

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14
Q

Once an antigen is bound to the MHC-II molecules on B cells, the B cells then bind with T helper cells (CD4+) as part of the T cell dependent activation, which also activates the T helper cell. T cells produce CD40L (ligand) that then binds with CD40 on the B cell. What do the T cells then do to provide a 3rd stimulation to active B cells?

1 - T cell up-regulate cytokine receptors and B cell releases cytokines
2 - T cell releases from the MHC-II molecule
3 - B cell up-regulates cytokine receptors and T cell secretes cytokines
4 - B27 on B cell binds with CD28 on T cell

A

3 - B cell up-regulates cytokine receptors and T cell secretes cytokines

  • released cytokines determines the antibody that will develop during class switching
  • cytokines provide the 3rd signal for B cells
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15
Q

There are the 3 stimulations steps for B cell activation in the T cell dependent pathway. Organise the order using the labels below:

  • T cell releases cytokines and B cell up-regulates cytokine receptors
  • CD4 T helper cell binds to MHC-II molecule on B cell
  • CD40 on B cell binds with CD40L on T cells
A

1st - CD4 T helper cell binds to MHC-II molecule on B cell
2nd - CD40 on B cell binds with CD40L on T cells
3rd - T cell releases cytokines and B cell up-regulates cytokine receptors

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16
Q

When an antigen binds on to 2 B cell receptors, the B cell becomes active. What does the B cell then do with the antigen bound to the B cell receptors?

A
  • receptor mediated endocytosis (engulfs the antigen and antibody)
  • MHC-II molecule is produced binds with the antigen and moves to cell surface as part of the exogenous pathway
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17
Q

The B cell will receive 3 signals during the T cell dependent activation mechanism.

1st = antigen binds with 2 B cell receptors
2nd = T cell activation up-regulates CD40L that binds with CD40 on B cell 
3rd = cytokines produced by activated T cell bind and activate B cell

Once activated as above the B cell is able to proliferate into what 2 types of cells?

A

1 - antigen producing plasma cells

2 - B memory cells

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18
Q

B cells have CD40 on their plasma membranes. What on the T cell binds with CD40 on the B cell to provide the 2nd signal and contribute towards B cell dependent activation?

1 - CD80
2 -CD86
3 - CD28
4 - CD40L

A

4 - CD40L

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19
Q

Are T cells able to bind with naive antigens?

A
  • no
20
Q

What do professional antigen presenting cells express on their cell surface?

1 - MHC-I and II, co-stimulatory molecules (TLRs) and PRRs
2 - MHC-II, PRRs and MHC-I
3 - MHC-I, MHC-I and PRRs
4 - MHC-I, co-stimulatory molecules (TLRs) and MHC-1

A
  • 1 - MHC-I and II, co-stimulatory molecules (TLRs) and PRRs
21
Q

In order for T cells to bind with an antigen they must be presented to the T cell via an antigen presenting cell (APC). This is because T cells can only bind peptides and this is what is presented on MHC-I and II molecules. Of the list below, which 3 cells are professional APCs?

  • macrophages
  • dendritic cells
  • neutrophils
  • eosinophils
  • B cells
  • natural killer cells
A
  • macrophages
  • dendritic cells
  • B cells
22
Q

Which MHC molecules do all nucleated cells of the body contain?

1 - MHC-I
2 - MHC-II
3 - MHC-III
4 - MHC-IV

A

1 - MHC-I

23
Q

Which cells from the list below are classes as non-professional antigen presenting cells?

  • macrophages
  • dendritic cells
  • mast cells
  • virus infected cells
  • neutrophils
  • eosinophils
  • B cells
  • natural killer cells
A
  • mast cells
  • virus infected cells
  • neutrophils
24
Q

What else are MHC commonly referred to as?

1 - self-antigen receptors
2 - T cell receptors
3 - B cell receptors
4 - human leukocyte antigens

A

4 - human leukocyte antigens

25
Q

Which chromosome are the genes for the MHC-I and II molecules on?

1 - chromosome 2
2 - chromosome 3
3 - chromosome 6
4 - chromosome 8

A

3 - chromosome 6

26
Q

All 3 genes for the MHC-I molecules begin with HLA (human leukocyte antigen) contain one letter after the HLA, what are the 3 letters?

1 - HLA - A, HLA - B, HLA - D
2 - HLA - B, HLC - B, HLA - D
3 - HLA - A, HLA - B, HLA - C
4 - HLA - B, HLA - C, HLA - E

A

3 - HLA - A, HLA - B, HLA - C

- remember MHC-I contains only 1 letter

27
Q

All 3 genes for the MHC-II molecules begin with HLA (human leukocyte antigen) contain two letters after the HLA, what are the 3 letters?

1 - HLA - DP, HLA - DQ, HLA - DR
2 - HLA - DB, HLC - DP, HLA - DQ
3 - HLA - DA, HLA - DB, HLA - DQ
4 - HLA - DB, HLA - DC, HLA - DE

A

1 - HLA - DP, HLA - DQ, HLA - DR

- remember MHC-II contain 2 letter

28
Q

Label the MHC-I complex below using the labels:

larger alpha chain 
peptide binding groove 
transmembrane region (anchors to cell surface)
beta-2-microglobulin chain 
alpha domain 1
alpha domain 2
alpha domain 3
A 
1 = alpha domain 2
2 = larger alpha chain 
3 = alpha domain 3
4 = transmembrane region (anchors to cell surface)
5 = peptide binding groove 
6 = alpha domain 1
7 = beta-2-microglobulin chain
29
Q

Label the MHC-II complex below using the labels:

alpha 1 domain 
beta 1 domain
alpha chain 
beta chain 
peptide binding groove
A 
1 = alpha 1 domain 
2 = alpha chain 
3 = beta 1 domain
4 = peptide binding groove 
5 = beta chain
30
Q

Do MHC-I or MHC-II contain a beta-2-microglobulin chain, which provides structural support of for the MHC molecule?

A
  • MHC-1

- props up alpha 1 and holds alpha 1, 2 and 3 together

31
Q

MHC-I molecules are designed to present self-antigen that are classed as endogenous, meaning they come from inside the cell. All nucleated cells of the body are able to perform the endogenous pathway. How does this process work?

A
  • all nucleated cells continually sample themselves
  • this sample is packaged into a self peptide antigen
  • self peptide antigens are bound to MHC-1 molecules and transport to cell membrane
32
Q

MHC-I molecules are designed to present self-antigen that are classed as endogenous, meaning they come from inside the cell. What are a few examples of this?

A
  • cell programmed for cell death = recognised by cytotoxic T cells and NK cells and killed off
  • infected or tumour cell where a virus changes the peptide antigen = recognised by cytotoxic T cells and NK cells and killed off
  • healthy cells who are continually screened = not recognised by cytotoxic T cells and NK cells and left alone
33
Q

MHC-II molecules are designed to present foreign antigen that are classed as exogenous, meaning they come from outside the cell. How does this process work?

A
  • MHC-II molecules are produced in the endoplasmic reticulum and make their way to cell surface
  • antigen presenting cells degrade a foreign body and antigen is degraded
  • antigen (now as a peptide) is then bound to the MHC-II molecule
  • MHC-II molecule then presents the MHC-II with the antigen on its cell surface
34
Q

Once an antigen has been presented on an MHC-II molecule by an APC what cell typically binds with this that can then go onto activate B cells?

A
  • CD4+ helper T cells
35
Q

Using the labels below, organise how cells are able to present antigens on MHC-I molecules via the endogenous pathway:

Transporters of Antigenic Peptides (TAP) transports peptides into endoplasmic reticulum
cellular protein is marked for degradation
MHC-I containing peptide antigen is transported to cell membrane in exocytic vesicle
TAP proteins load the peptide antigen onto the peptide groove of the MHC-I using tapasin
proteasome degrades protein into peptides

A 
1 = cellular protein is marked for degradation
2 = proteasome degrades protein into peptides
3 = Transporters of Antigenic Peptides or TAP transports peptides into endoplasmic reticulum
4 = TAP proteins load the peptide antigen onto the peptide groove of the MHC-I using tapasin 
5 = MHC-I containing peptide antigen is transported to cell membrane in exocytic vesicle
36
Q

What is the function of tapasin in the endogenous pathway of presenting an MHC-I molecule with a peptide antigen to the cell surface?

1 - loads the peptide antigen onto the MHC-I molecule in the endoplasmic reticulum
2 - transports the peptides into the endoplasmic reticulum
3 - transports the MHC-I molecule to cell membrane
4 - degrades the antigen into peptides

A

1 - loads the peptide antigen onto the MHC-I molecule in the endoplasmic reticulum

37
Q

What is the function of Transporters of Antigenic Peptides (TAP) in the endogenous pathway of presenting an MHC-I molecule with a peptide antigen to the cell surface?

1 - loads the peptide antigen onto the MHC-I molecule in the endoplasmic reticulum
2 - transports the peptides into the endoplasmic reticulum
3 - transports the MHC-I molecule to cell membrane
4 - degrades the antigen into peptides

A

2 - transports the peptides into the endoplasmic reticulum

38
Q

Beta 2 microglobulin is important for stabilising the MHC-1 molecule by supporting the alpha 1, 2 and 3 segments. This is added to the MHC-I molecule in the endoplasmic reticulum. However, before Beta 2 microglobulin is added to the MHC-I molecule, another protein is important for the stabilisation of the 3 alpha chains of the MHC-I molecule. What is this protein called?

1 - TAP
2 - calnexin
3 - calreticulum
4 - tapasin

A

2 - calnexin

  • once it has helped stabilise the MHC-I is serves no purpose with the MHC-I or antigen
  • sounds like next to alpha 1, 2 and 3
39
Q

What 2 cells can bind with the MHC-I molecule presented on the cell surface of all nucleated cells?

1 - Neutrophils and NK cells
2 - Eosinophils and NK cells
1 - cytotoxic T and NK cells
1 - Neutrophils and NK cells

A

1 - cytotoxic T and NK cells

40
Q

Which cells bind to antigens through phagocytosis, described as a professional antigen presenting cell and then produce MHC-II molecules classed as exogenous, meaning they come from outside the cell?

1 - Macrophages, dendritic cells and NK cells
2 - B cells, macrophages and neutrophils
3 - macrophages, B cells and dendritic cells
4 - NK, B cells and macrophages

A

3 - macrophages, B cells and dendritic cells

41
Q

When an antigen undergoes phagocytosis by professional antigen presenting cells, it is engulfed inside the lysosome and degraded into peptides. Alongside this the MHC-II molecule is produced within the endoplasmic reticulum and is released in a vesicle. In order to ensure no endogenous peptides are able to bind with the peptide binding groove a protein is bound to the peptide binding groove. What is this peptide called?

1 - class II-associated invariant chain peptide (CLIP)
2 - calnexin
3 - tapasin
4 - TAP

A

1 - class II-associated invariant chain peptide (CLIP)

42
Q

When an a antigen undergoes phagocytosis by professional antigen presenting cells, it is engulfed inside the lysosome and degraded into peptides. Alongside this the MHC-II molecule is produced within the endoplasmic reticulum and is released in a vesicle. In order to ensure no peptides are able to bind with the peptide binding groove a protein is bound to the peptide binding groove called class II-associated invariant chain peptide (CLIP). The vesicle containing the MHC-II with the CLIP bound and the vesicle containing the peptide antigen fuse together. However, before the peptide can bind to the MHC-II molecule the CLIP must be removed. What protein catalyses the release of CLIP, thus allowing the peptide antigen to bind with the MHC-II molecule?

1 - calnexin
2 - HLA-DM
3 - tapasin
4 - TAP

A

2 - HLA-DM

- human leukocyte antigens

43
Q

Once a cell has come into contact with a foreign antigen for the first time, the immune response is slow. However, the 2nd time the B cells come into contact with the same foreign antigen means 3 things will be improved, what are they?

A

1 - due to hypermutation there is higher antigen affinity
2 - improved MHC-II processing and antigen presentation
3 - increased speed of response

44
Q

T cells require multiple steps to become active. What is the first step of the T cell activate?

1 - T cell expresses CD28 and APC expresses B7 that bind together
2 - T cell binds with a MHC-I or MHC-II molecules
3 - NF-KB is activated increasing cytokine transcription
4 - B cell binds to CD4 helper cell

A

2 - T cell binds with a MHC-I or MHC-II molecules

45
Q

T cells require multiple steps to become active. What is the 2nd step of the T cell activate?

1 - T cell expresses CD28 and APC expresses B7 that bind together
2 - T cell binds with a MHC-I or MHC-II molecules
3 - NF-KB is activated increasing cytokine transcription
4 - B cell binds to CD4 helper cell

A

1 - T cell expresses CD28 and APC expresses B7 that bind together

46
Q

T cells require multiple steps to become active. What is the 3rd step of the T cell activate?

1 - T cell expresses CD28 and APC expresses B7 that bind together
2 - T cell binds with a MHC-I or MHC-II molecules
3 - NF-KB is activated increasing cytokine transcription
4 - B cell binds to CD4 helper cell

A

3 - NF-KB is activated increasing cytokine transcription

47
Q

Once the T helper cell has been activated it up-regulates its production of cytokines and the associated receptors, specifically IL-2. What does this increase in IL-2 secretion do to the T cell?

1 - signals clonal expansion of the B cells
2 - signals clonal expansion of the T cell
3 - activates other T cells
4 - activates B cells

A

2 - signals clonal expansion of the T cell

- can also stimulate CD8 T cells

Year 2 MIS (48 decks)

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