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Year 2 MIS > Cancer Immunology > Flashcards

Cancer Immunology Flashcards

1
Q

What are tumour infiltrating lymphocytes?

A
  • lymphocytes found within the tumours

- generally a good indicator of prognosis if they are present

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2
Q

What cell, if present in tumours is associated within reduced survival?

A
  • Treg cells

- essentially switch off other T cells that may be fighting

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3
Q

If a patient is immunocompromised, does this increase or decrease the risk of cancer?

A
  • increases the risk of cancer
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4
Q

What is a tumour antigen?

A
  • antigen produced by tumour cells, makes a good marker of a tumour
  • T cells can recognise and target this MHC-I as not self peptide antigen
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5
Q

A tumour antigen is an antigen that is produced in tumour cells, making it a good marker of a tumour. There are 2 types of tumour antigens, Tumour-specific antigens (TSA) and Tumour-associated antigens (TAA). What is a TSA?

1 - peptide antigen produced by only cancer cells and presenting on MHC-I complex
2 - peptide antigen produced healthy self only cells presented on MHC-I complex
3 - peptide antigen not unique to just cancer cells presented on MHC-I complex
4 - peptide antigen produced by only cancer cells and presenting on MHC-II complex

A

1 - peptide antigen produced by only cancer cells and presenting on MHC-I complex

  • this can be recognised as bad by the host immune system cytotoxic T and natural killer cells
  • NOT PRESENT ON NORMAL NUCLEATED CELLS
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6
Q

A tumour antigen is an antigen that is produced in tumour cells, making it a good marker of a tumour. There are 2 types of tumour antigens, Tumour-specific antigens (TSA) and Tumour-associated antigens (TAA). What is a TAA?

1 - peptide antigen produced by only cancer cells and presenting on MHC-I complex
2 - peptide antigen produced healthy self only cells presented on MHC-I complex
3 - peptide antigen not unique to just cancer cells presented on MHC-I complex
4 - peptide antigen produced by only cancer cells and presenting on MHC-I complex

A

3 - peptide antigen not unique to just cancer cells presented on MHC-I complex

  • could be over expression of genes normally silenced during foetal development
  • could be over expression of proteins found in normal cells
  • BOTH WILL ALTER THE PEPTIDE PRESENTED ON MHC-1 MOLECULE, BUT DOES NOT MEAN IT IS CANCEROUS
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7
Q

A tumour antigen is an antigen that is produced in tumour cells, making it a good marker of a tumour. There are 2 types of tumour antigens:

1 - Tumour- specific antigens
2 - Tumour-associated antigens

Which 1 of these is more difficult to treat and why?

A

2 - Tumour-associated antigens

  • not specific to tumours
  • normal cells will contain them as well
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8
Q

A tumour antigen is an antigen that is produced in tumour cells, making it a good marker of a tumour. There are 2 types of tumour antigens, Tumour- specific antigens (TSA) and Tumour-associated antigens (TAA). Which 2 of the following are TSAs?

1 - viral proteins and tissue differentiating antigens
2 - viral proteins and tumour specific mutated antigens
3 - tumour specific mutated antigens and tissue differentiating antigens
4 - tumour germline (“tumour-testis”) antigens and normal proteins over-expressed by cancer cells

A

2 - viral proteins and tumour specific mutated antigens

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9
Q

A tumour antigen is an antigen that is produced in tumour cells, making it a good marker of a tumour. There are 2 types of tumour antigens, Tumour- specific antigens (TSA) and Tumour-associated antigens (TAA). Which 2 of the following are TAAs?

1 - viral proteins and tissue differentiating antigens
2 - viral proteins and tumour specific mutated antigens
3 - tumour specific mutated antigens and tissue differentiating antigens
4 - tumour germline (“tumour-testis”) antigens and normal proteins over-expressed by cancer cells

A

4 - tumour germline (“tumour-testis”) antigens and normal proteins over-expressed by cancer cells
- tissue differentiating antigens is also a TAA

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10
Q

If the immune system is able to detect tumours, is the immune response any different than if it was a bacterial antigen present?

A
  • no
  • APC binds antigen, present to B and T cells to activate them
  • cytotoxic T ands natural killer cells bind and induce apoptosis of tumour cells
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11
Q

What is the key cell from the innate immune response is key to kill cancer cells?

1 - dendritic cells
2 - B cells
3 - natural killer cells
4 - neutrophils

A

3 - natural killer cells

- are able to recognise MHC-I alongside CD8 T cells

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12
Q

What key cell from the adaptive immune response is key to kill cancer cells?

1 - dendritic cells
2 - B cells
3 - natural killer cells
4 - cytotoxic T cells

A

4 - cytotoxic T cells

- alongside natural killer cells they can recognised and bind with MHC-1 molecules

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13
Q

Lots of cells will be present in the micro-enviroment of the tumour. Which of the cells listed here are commonly present?

1 - neutrophils, NK, B, T and macrophages
2 - NK, B, T and macrophages
3 - NK, B, T, eosinophils and macrophages
4 - NK, B, T, basophils and macrophages

A

2 - NK, B, T and macrophages

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14
Q

Which cytokine is important for stimulating the proliferation of T cells?

1 - IL-1
2 - IL-6
3 - IL-4
4 - IL-2

A

4 - IL-2

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15
Q

There is a cancer immuno editing theory. This theory has 3 Es, which are:

1 - elimination
2 - equilibrium
3 - escape

What do each of these mean?

A

1 - elimination = cancer cell are immunogenic, host immunity kills the tumour cells
2 - equilibrium = cancer is dormant/or suppressed by immune system, but remains
3 - escape = cancer cells are less immunogenic and escape the immune system

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16
Q

Tumours are able to evade the immune system in a number of way. One of these is through the MHC-I molecules. What do cancer cells do to the MHC-1 molecule?

1 - modulate it so CD4 and CD8 cells cannot bind
2 - less or no MHC-1 molecules to bind with
3 - modulate MHC-1 molecules to appears absent
4 - modules MHC-II molecule so B cells cannot become activated

A

2 - less or no MHC-1 molecules to bind with

17
Q

Tumours are able to evade the immune system in a number of way. One of these is through the antigen present on the MHC-I molecules. What do cancer cells do to the antigen on the MHC-1 molecule?

1 - change the peptide presented on MHC-I so same as self antigens
2 - peptides are changed to carbohydrates so CD8 cannot bind
3 - peptides are changed to lipids so CD8 cannot bind
4 - stop expressing the abnormal antigen (peptide) on their cell surface at all

A

4 - stop expressing the abnormal antigen (peptide) on their cell surface at all
- cytotoxic T and natural killer cells have nothing to bind with

18
Q

Tumours are able to evade the immune system in a number of way. One of these is through the production of immunosuppressive factors. Which if the following are commonly produced by the tumours?

1 - transforming growth factor (TGF-β), Il-6. TNF-a
2 - transforming growth factor (TGF-β), creatine kinase
3 - transforming growth factor (TGF-β), lactate dehydrogenase
4 - transforming growth factor (TGF-β), PD-1 ligand (PD-L1)

A

4 - transforming growth factor (TGF-β), PD-1 ligand (PD-L1)

  • can inhibit apoptosis or induce growth of the tumour
  • PD-L1 is able to inhibit T cells through PD-1 receptor
19
Q

What does CAR-T stand for?

A
  • chimeric antigen receptor T cell

- chimera refers to something containing >2 or more cells or parts, (part cancer antigen and part T cell)

20
Q

CAR-T stand for chimeric antigen receptor T cell. What are CAR-T cells?

1 - T cells that activate B cells to produce antibodies against the cancer cells
2 - T cells that have been genetically altered to target cancer cells
3 - T cells that have been modified whilst in a cancer patient
4 - T cells from another health patient

A

2 - T cells that have been genetically altered to target cancer cells

21
Q

CAR-T stand for chimeric antigen receptor T cell. CAR-T cells are T cells that have been genetically altered to target cancer cells. Organise the order below of how T cells can be genetically altered to become CAR-T cells:

  • CAR-T cells are introduced back into the body
  • T cells are genetically altered so they have new chimeric antigen receptors
  • T cells are extracted from the patient
  • once back in the body CAR-T cells can identify and kill cancer cells
  • new code is added to an inactive virus that infects the T cells
A 
1st = T cells are extracted from the patient
2nd = T cells are genetically altered so they have new chimeric antigen receptors
3rd = new code is added to an inactive virus that infects the T cells 
4th = CAR-T cells are introduced back into the body
5th = once back in the body CAR-T cells can identify and kill cancer cells
22
Q

What are the 3 key parts of a CAR-T cell?

1 - antibody, T cell receptor, transmembrane domain
2 - antigen binding domain, T cell receptor, transmembrane domain
3 - antigen, antibody, transmembrane domain
4 - antigen, T cell, transmembrane domain

A

2 - antigen binding domain, T cell receptor, transmembrane domain

  • T cell receptor binds MHC-1 complex
  • transmembrane domain holds antigen binding domain and T cell receptor to the T cell membrane
23
Q

Which CD molecule is commonly found on cancer cells that CAR-T cells can bind with?

1 - CD20
2 - CD10
3 - CD40
4 - CD19

A

4 - CD19

24
Q

What is one of the key limitations of CAR-T therapy that also make it incredibly expensive?

1 - difficult to engineer
2 - difficult to personalise
3 - difficult to identify the antigen on tumour cells
4 - needs to be engineered and individualised to each person

A

4 - needs to be engineered and individualised to each person
- engineering like this costs a lot of money

25
Q

What is one of the key limitations of CAR-T therapy related to tumour antigens?

1 - difficult to engineer
2 - difficult to personalise
3 - difficult to identify the antigen on tumour cells
4 - needs to be engineered and individualised to each person

A

3 - difficult to identify the antigen on tumour cells

- tumours may have multiple antigens

26
Q

Although CAR-T can be very effective, what is the main side effects of this approach?

A
  • patients are immunocompromised to begin with

- can cause cytokine release storm

Year 2 MIS (48 decks)

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