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year 2 mis > Introduction to foot and ankle surgery > Flashcards

Introduction to foot and ankle surgery Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 4 phases of the gait cycle in the correct order?

1 - heel strike, mid stance, toe off, swing phase
2 - mid stance, toe off, swing phase, heel strike
3 - heel strike, mid stance, swing phase, toe off
4 - swing phase, heel strike, mid stance, toe off

A

1 - heel strike, mid stance, toe off, swing phase

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2
Q

The foot, ankle, knee, leg and hip should all be considered in the gait cycle, and any impairment in any of these can have effects on the anatomy of the gait cycle. The foot, one such problem is called pes cavus. What is pev cavus?

1 - high lateral arch
2 - no medial arch (flat foot)
3 - high medial arch
4 - no lateral arch (flat foot)

A

3 - high medial arch

  • pres cavus = latin for hollow foot
  • think cave under the foot, so less contact with the floor
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3
Q

The foot, ankle, knee, leg and hip should all be considered in the gait cycle, and any impairment in any of these can have effects on the anatomy of the gait cycle. The foot, one such problem is called pes planus. What is pev planus?

1 - high lateral arch
2 - no medial arch (flat foot)
3 - high medial arch
4 - no lateral arch (flat foot)

A

2 - no medial arch (flat foot)

  • pes planus = latin for flat foot
  • no or little foot arch meaning more foot contact with the floor
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4
Q

What is the name of the parts of the tibia and fibula that ensure the talus bone of the ankle does not deviate medially or laterally?

A
  • malleuous
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5
Q

What holds the tibia and fibula together throughout and contributes to the stability of the tibiotalar joint?

A
  • interosseus membrane

- also called the interosseus ligament

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6
Q

What 4 movements are possible at the tibiotalar joint?

A

1 - dorsiflexion
2 - plantarflexion
3 - inversion
4 - eversion

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7
Q

The talus is a key bone of the tibiotalar joint. Structurally it is built so that it facilitates even distribution of pressure during the gait cycle. When we walk, how does this help during heel off in gait cycle?

1 - talus is broad anteriorly
2 - talus is narrow anteriorly
3 - talus is equal throughout
4 - talus is broad posteriorly

A

1 - talus is broad anteriorly
- largest surface area of tibia is in contact anteriorly, so pressure is lower and the area for the force is over a larger area

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8
Q

What is the group name given to the 4 ligaments that give medial stability and aim to prevent over eversion of the ankle?

1 - deltoid ligament
2 - medial ligament
3 - tibialtalar ligament
4 - fibulatalar ligament

A

1 - deltoid ligament

- attach from medial malleolus to talus, calcaneus and navicular bones

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9
Q

There are 3 key lateral ligaments of the ankle that aim to reduce over inversion of the ankle, and are most commonly injured during an ankle sprain. One of these is called the anterior talofibular ligament. Where does this attach?

A
  • anteriorly from fibula to talus
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10
Q

There are 3 key lateral ligaments of the ankle that aim to reduce over inversion of the ankle, and are most commonly injured during an ankle sprain. One of these is called the calcaneofibular ligament. Where does this attach?

A
  • orientated vertically

- connects fibula and calcaneus

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11
Q

There are 3 key lateral ligaments of the ankle that aim to reduce over inversion of the ankle, and are most commonly injured during an ankle sprain. One of these is called the posterior talofibular ligament. Where does this attach?

A
  • posteriorly from fibula to talus
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12
Q

What are the 3 regions of the foot?

1 - heel, middle foot, forefoot
2 - hind-foot, mid-foot, forefoot
3 - hind-foot, lateral-foot, forefoot

A

2 - hind-foot, mid-foot, forefoot

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13
Q

The 3 regions of the foot can be divided into the hindfoot, midfoot and the forefoot. What 2 bones make up the hindfoot?

1 - talus and tibia
2 - talus and fibula
3 - talus and cuneiform
4 - talus and calcareous

A

4 - talus and calcareous

- called the subtalar joint

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14
Q

The 3 regions of the foot can be divided into the hindfoot, midfoot and the forefoot. What bones make up the midfoot?

1 - talus and tibia
2 - navicular and cuboid
3 - talus and cuneiform
4 - talus and calcareous

A

2 - navicular and cuboid

  • the 3 cuneiform bones
  • where these bones meet hind and forefoot
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15
Q

The 3 regions of the foot can be divided into the hindfoot, midfoot and the forefoot. What bones make up the forefoot?

1 - phalanges and metatarsals
2 - talus and fibula
3 - talus and phalanges
4 - phalanges and calcareous

A

1 - phalanges and metatarsals

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16
Q

The foot has 2 longitudinal arches, what are they called?

1 - medial and horizontal
2 - medial and vertical
3 - lateral and vertical
4 - medial and lateral

A

4 - medial and lateral arches

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17
Q

There are 2 longitudinal arches of the foot, the medal and lateral arches. What 2 things defines the shape of these arches?

1 - bone shape and muscles
2 - bone shape and ligamentous attachments
3 - bone shape and tendons
4 - bone shape

A

2 - bone shape and ligamentous attachments

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18
Q

What is valgus and varus?

A
  • valgus = outward angulation of distal segment of a bone

- varus = inward angulation of distal segment of a bone

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19
Q

When looking at the lower limbs what is an easy way to remember the difference between valgus and varus?

  • valgus = outward angulation of distal segment of a bone
  • varus = inward angulation of distal segment of a bone
A
  • vaRus forms a Round shape

- vaLgus forms an L shape and valGus has a G which is for glue, sticking joints together

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20
Q

In addition to the longitudinal medial and lateral arches of the foot, we also have the transverse arch which is formed by the metatarsals. What is the importance of this arch?

1 - ensures midfoot doesnt touch the floor
2 - ensures forefoot is always in contact with the flloor
3 - maintains shape of the foot during the gait cycle

A

3 - maintains the shape of the foot during the gait cycle

- especially important in uneven terrain

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21
Q

In addition to the longitudinal medial and lateral arches of the foot, we also have the transverse arch which is formed by the metatarsals. The transverse arch is important as it maintains the shape of the foot during the gait cycle. Which bone in the foot is key for this, and how does it help distribute weight and thus maintain the shape of the foot?

1 - metatarsal I shaped like a cuboid
2 - metatarsal II shaped like a keystone (narrow at bottom, wider at top)
3 - middle phalanx of digit III shaped like a keystone
4 - metatarsal V shaped like a keystone

A

2 - metatarsal II shaped like a keystone (narrow at bottom, wider at top)
- distributes weight evenly through the foot

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22
Q

The foot can be viewed as a tripod when we walk. What are the 3 bones that bare the weight making up the tripod during gait?

1 - talus, head of 1st and 5th metatarsal
2 - calcaneus, 1st and 5th metatarsal
3 - calcaneus, head of 2nd and 5th metatarsal
4 - calcaneus, head of 1st and 5th metatarsal

A

4 - calcaneus, head of 1st and 5th metatarsal

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23
Q

When looking at the peripheral nerves and sensory supply of the plantar (sole) aspect of the foot, use the labels below to label the sensory supply:

medial planter nerve
lateral plantar nerve
tibial nerve
sural nerve
saphenous nerve
A 
1 - lateral plantar nerve
2 - sural nerve
3 - medial planter nerve
4 - saphenous nerve
5 - tibial nerve
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24
Q

When looking at the peripheral nerves and sensory supply of the dorsal (top) aspect of the foot, use the labels below to label the sensory supply:

deep fibular nerve
superficial fibular nerve
sural nerve
saphenous nerve

A

1 - superficial fibular nerve
2 - sural nerve
3 - saphenous nerve
4 - deep fibular nerve

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25
Q

Which nerve provides the majority of dorsal part of the foot?

1 - tibial nerve
2 - superficial fibular nerve
3 - femoral nerve
4 - popliteal nerve

A

2 - superficial fibular nerve

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26
Q

Which nerve provides the majority of plantar part of the foot?

1 - tibial nerve
2 - fibular nerve
3 - medial plantar nerve
4 - popliteal nerve

A

3 - medial plantar nerve

- branch of tibial nerve

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27
Q

The tibial nerve is a major branch of the sciatica nerve. Where does the sciatic nerve branch becoming the tibial nerve?

1 - head of the tibia
2 - upon leaving the hip joint
3 - popliteal fossa
4 - iliac spine

A
  • popliteal fossa
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28
Q

The common fibular nerve is a major branch of the sciatica nerve. Where does the sciatic nerve branch becoming the common fibular nerve?

1 - head of the tibia
2 - upon leaving the hip joint
3 - popliteal fossa
4 - iliac spine

A

3 - popliteal fossa

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29
Q

Does the tibial nerve run anteriorly or posteriorly to the tibia?

A
  • posteriorly

- innervates both compartments (deep and superficial) of the posterior compartment

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30
Q

The tibial nerve leaves the popliteal fossa and travels posteriorly to the tibia. It then travels posteriorly to a key part of the tibial bone before entering the foot. What part of the tibia is this?

1 - lateral malleolus
2 - medial malleolus
3 - medial talus
4 - lateral talus

A

2 - medial malleolus

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31
Q

The tibial nerve leaves the popliteal fossa and travels posteriorly to the tibia. It then travels posteriorly to medial malleolus and then enters the foot through which of the following:

1 - guyons canal
2 - antecubital fossa
3 - popliteal tunnel
4 - tarsal tunnel

A

4 - tarsal tunnel

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32
Q

The tibial nerve leaves the popliteal fossa and travels posteriorly to the tibia. It then travels posteriorly to medial malleolus and then enters the foot through the tarsal tunnel. The mnemonic Tom, Dick, And a Very, Nervous Harry can be used to remember the contents of the tarsal tunnel. What are the contents?

A
  • Tom = Tibialis posterior
  • Dick = flexor Digitorum longus
  • And = tibial Artery
  • Very = tibial Vein
  • Nervous = tibial Nerve
  • Harry = flexor Hallucis longus
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33
Q

Once entering the foot the tibial nerve gives off 3 key sensory branches of the foot. Label them in the image below using the labels provided:

medial calcaneal nerve
medial plantar nerve
lateral plantar nerve

A

1 - Medial plantar nerve
2 - Lateral plantar nerve
3 - Medial calcaneal branches

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34
Q

The common fibular nerve is a branch of the sciatic nerve, branching at the popliteal fossa. The common fibular nerve then branches into 2 nerves. What are these nerves called?

1 - deep and superficial peroneal (fibular) nerves
2 - plantar and superficial peroneal (fibular) nerves
3 - deep peroneal (fibular) and sural nerves
3 - soleus and superficial peroneal (fibular) nerves

A

1 - deep and superficial peroneal (fibular) nerves

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35
Q

The common fibular nerve bifurcates at the lateral head of the gastrocnemius after wrapping around the head of the fibula, into the deep and superficial peroneal (fibular) nerves. Do these 2 nerves then travel anteriorly or posteriorly to the foot?

A
  • deep peroneal (fibular) nerve = anteriorly

- superficial peroneal (fibular ) nerve = anterior lateral to fibula

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36
Q

The superficial peroneal (fibula) nerve passes anterior laterally to the fibula and enters the foot, providing the majority of the dorsal aspect of the foot with what?

1 - sensory information
2 - motor function

A

1 - sensory information

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37
Q

The deep peroneal (fibula) nerve passes anteriorly and enters the foot. Which blood vessel does this nerve accompany?

1 - femoral artery
2 - fibular artery
3 - anterior tibial artery
4 - posterior tibial artery

A
  • 3 - anterior tibial artery
38
Q

The deep peroneal (fibula) nerve passes anteriorly and enters the foot. Accompanying the anterior tibial artery. What sensation does this provide on the dorsal surface of the foot?

1 - around medial and lateral malleolus
2 - lateral aspect of dorsal surface
3 - medial aspect of dorsal surface
4 - 1st dorsal webspace

A

4 - 1st dorsal webspace

39
Q

The deep peroneal (fibula) nerve passes anteriorly and enters the foot. Accompanying the anterior tibial artery. This is really important when performing ankle surgery to ensure no damage to the blood vessel and nerve. To help with this we know that the deep peroneal (fibula) nerve passes between 2 muscles as it enters the foot on the dorsal surface. What 2 muscles does the deep peroneal (fibula) nerve lie between?

1 - tibialis anterior and extensor hallucis longus
2 - extensor digitorum longus and extensor hallucis longus
3 - tibialis anterior and extensor digitorum longus
4 - extensor digitorum brevis and extensor hallucis longus

A

1 - tibialis anterior and extensor hallucis longus

- this nerve innervates the anterior compartment of the leg, both of these muscles are part of thi compartment

40
Q

When we talk about pes planus (flat foot so no or little arch), which is essentially flat foot, but is it the medial or lateral arch that is affected?

A
  • medial arch
41
Q

Adult acquired flatfoot is a condition where the medial arch of the foot becomes flatter, called pes planus. Although this can be physiological, this can also be pathological. What is the most common cause of this?

1 - muscle weakness
2 - dysfunction of tibialis posterior tendon
3 - dysfunction of achilles tendon
4 - plantar fasciitis

A

2 - dysfunction of tibialis posterior tendon

  • crosses from lateral leg to medial foot and inserts on the navicular bone, all cuneiform bones, cuboid bone and bases of metatarsal bones 2-4
  • really important for pulling the arch up
42
Q

Adult acquired flatfoot is a condition where the medial arch of the foot becomes flatter, called pes planus. Although this can be physiological, this can also be pathological. This is most commonly caused by dysfunction of the tibialis posterior tendon, the end of the tibialis posterior muscle. What are the origin and insertion of the tibialis posterior muscle?

1 - O = posterior surface of interosseous membrane, I = navicular and cuboid bones
2 - O = posterior surface of interosseous membrane, I = cuboidal bone
3 - O = posterior surface of interosseous membrane, I = navicular and medial cuneiform bones
4 - O = anterior surface of interosseous membrane, I = navicular and medial cuneiform bones

A

3 - O = posterior surface of interosseous membrane, I = navicular and medial cuneiform bones

43
Q

The tibialis posterior tendon is relatively avascular. Why is this important?

A
  • increased risk of degeneration and inflammation

- most at risk 4cm from insertion on navicular bone

44
Q

The tibialis posterior muscle does not have a large excursion, only 1cm. Why is this a bad thing?

A
  • if the muscle is tight or damaged this will affect the tibialis posterior tendon
  • this will then lead to dysfunction and medial arch problems
45
Q

The tibialis posterior muscle is really important for the stability of the medial arch as it attaches to the navicular bone and other bones in the area. What is the main role of this muscle in the gait cycle?

1 - locks mid and forefoot during toe off phase creating large push off lever
2 - locks heel and forefoot during toe off phase creating large push off lever
3 - locks heel and midfoot during toe off phase creating large push off lever
4 - locks midfoot during toe off phase creating large push off lever

A

1 - locks mid and forefoot during toe off phase creating large push off lever

46
Q

What pathology can we see in the image below?

1 - pes planus (flat foot)
2 - fractured talus
3 - fractured tibia
4 - pes cavus

A

1 - pes planus (flat foot)

47
Q

Pes planus is a common problem causing a flattening of the medial arch. How can this commonly present?

A
  • loss of medial arch
  • pain in heel of the foot
  • valgus hindfoot (medial malleus move closer)
  • forefoot abduction (we can see too many toes)
48
Q

What is the best assessment to test the tibialis posterior muscle and tendon?

1 - walk on heels
2 - rhomberg test
3 - standing without use of arms
4 - heel raise

A

4 - heel raise

- similar to toe off which is the main role of this muscle in the gait cycle

49
Q

The best assessment to test the tibialis posterior muscle and tendon is a heel raise. If a patient has physiological pes planus what happens to the valgus that would be present simply standing?

A
  • it is corrected with small amount of varus
50
Q

The best assessment to test the tibialis posterior muscle and tendon is a heel raise. If a patient has pathological pes planus what happens to the valgus that would be present simply standing?

A
  • valgus remains

- patient may not even be able to heel raise

51
Q

If a patient has pathological pes planus, and is unsuitable or unsafe for surgery how can this be treated to try and create a medial arch?

A
  • orthotics and modified footwear
  • physiotherapy
  • analgesia (pain relief)
52
Q

If a patient has pathological pes planus that requires surgery, what are the 3 main categories that this can be divided into?

1 - remove muscle, bones (change shape), fusion of hind and midfoot
2 - tendon repair or transfer, bones (change shape), fusion of hind and midfoot
3 - tendon repair or transfer, bones (removal), fusion of hind and midfoot
4 - tendon repair or transfer, bones (add extra fake bones), fusion of hind and midfoot

A

2 - tendon repair or transfer, bones (change shape), fusion of hind and midfoot

53
Q

What is clubfoot?

A
  • congenital deformity of babies

- results in babies foot looking like a golf club

54
Q

When looking at a baby with clubfoot, which of the following occurs:

  • valgus or varus
  • adduction+inversion or abduction and eversion
  • forefoot adduction or forefoot abduction
A
  • all of them
55
Q

In a baby who has been club foot where it has been detected early, what treatment is given?

1 - ponsetti casting
2 - bones broken and remodelled
3 - foot re-set and placed in a cast to grow

A

1 - ponsetti casting

- babies foot is put into different casts to slowly re-position the foot

56
Q

In a baby who has been club foot where it has been detected late, like in the developing world, what treatment is given?

A
  • deformity is fixed
  • complex deformity required lots of operations
  • long treatment durations
57
Q

The achilles tendon is the largest and strongest tendon in the body. What 3 muscles contribute and make up this tendon?

A
  • gastrocnemius
  • soleus
  • plantar
58
Q

The achilles tendon is the largest and strongest tendon in the body. Composed of 3 muscles, the gastrocnemius, soleus and plantar muscle. Where does this tendon attach to as well as these muscles?

A
  • calcaneal tuberosity
59
Q

The achilles tendon is the largest and strongest tendon in the body. Composed of 3 muscles, the gastrocnemius, soleus and plantar muscle attaching onto the calcaneal tuberosity. Generally how long is this tendon and what action does it facilitate?

A
  • 15cm long

- plantarflexion

60
Q

What is achilles tendinopathy?

A
  • generally inflammation of the tendon, but can be trauma
61
Q

Achilles tendinopathy is generally inflammation of the tendon, but can be trauma. Is the healing of the tendon good or bad?

A
  • bad due to poor blood supply 6cm from insertion point
62
Q

People with autoimmune disorders are at an increased risk of developing what in the tendons?

A
  • tendinopathies
  • autoimmune disease like connective tissue disease targets tissues like the achilles tendon, making them more susceptible to pathology
  • common in ankylosing spondylitis for example
63
Q

Tendinopathy is generally inflammation of the tendon, but can be caused by trauma. It is generally due to poor blood supply 6cm from insertion point. How is this commonly treated?

A
  • 85% settle with not operative approach
  • physiotherapy
  • orthotics to offload the tendon
64
Q

Tendinopathy is generally inflammation of the tendon, but can be caused by trauma. It is generally due to poor blood supply 6cm from insertion point. In extreme cases, what treatment would be offered?

A
  • equinuus casting

- foot remains in plantarflexion to lengthen the tendon

65
Q

Tendinopathy is generally inflammation of the tendon, but can be caused by trauma. It is generally due to poor blood supply 6cm from insertion point. The achilles tendon can rupture. What are the 2 most common causes of this?

A
  • degenerative changes that weaken the tendon

- acute trauma (sensation of snap but pain settles quickly)

66
Q

If we suspect that the achilles tendon is ruptured we can perform the Simmonds test. What is this test?

A
  • patient kneels on a chair and feet hang of
  • gastrocnemius is squeezed away from the tibia (pulled up essentially)
  • ankle should go into plantarflexion
67
Q

If the achilles tendon ruptures, what non-surgical treatment is offered providing the 2 ends to the achilles are within 1cm of one another?

A
  • specialised equinus boot

- equinus plaster

68
Q

If the achilles tendon ruptures, what surgical treatment is offered because the 2 ends of the achilles are not within 1cm of one another?

A
  • acute surgery = end to end repair

- chronic = reconstruction or a transfer

69
Q

In an ankle sprain, it is generally inversion or eversion?

A
  • inversion where ankle rolls inwards

- due to weakness in lateral ligaments

70
Q

Label the 3 ligaments that are commonly damaged during an ankle sprain?

PTFL - Posterior talofibular ligament
ATFL – Anterior talofibular ligament
CFL - Calcaneofibular ligament

A 
1 = ATFL – Anterior talofibular ligament 
2 = CFL - Calcaneofibular ligament
3 = PTFL - Posterior talofibular ligament
71
Q

The 3 ligaments that are commonly damaged during an ankle sprain are:

1 = ATFL – Anterior talofibular ligament 
2 = CFL - Calcaneofibular ligament
3 = PTFL - Posterior talofibular ligament

Which is the strongest?

A

3 = PTFL - Posterior talofibular ligament

72
Q

What is the anterior drawer test?

A
  • test for lateral ligament instability
  • patients ankle held at tibia and fibular joint
  • hand placed on heel and foot is pushed anteriorly
73
Q

In a patient who has a lateral ankle sprain, what is the common treatment and how long should it take to heal?

A
  • PRICE
  • physiotherapy and proprioceptive exercises
  • normally back to normal function in 3 months
74
Q

If physiotherapy, rest and/or a brace have not worked for someone who has chronic lateral ankle ligament instability, what can be does surgically?

A
  • re-construct their ligaments or ligament transfer
75
Q

What is a hallux valgus more commonly referred to as?

A
  • bunion
76
Q

A hallux valgus is more commonly referred to as a bunion and is on the big toe, which is also called the hallux. What happens to the 1st metatarsal (MT) and the phalanx of the great toe when this occurs?

1 - 1st MT and proximal phalanx deviate laterally
2 - 1st MT and proximal phalanx deviate medially
3 - 1st MT deviates medially and proximal phalanx deviate laterally
4 - 1st MT deviates laterally and proximal phalanx deviate medially

A

3 - 1st MT deviates medially and proximal phalanx deviate laterally
- essentially valGus (Glue) as 1st metatarsals move close to one another on each foot

77
Q

In a patient with a severe hallux valgus (bunion) what happens to the sesamoid bones of flexor hallucis brevis (FHB) on the plantar surface and extensor hallucis longus (EHL) that runs along the top and bottom of the great toe, respectively?

1 - nothing
2 - both sublux laterally
3 - both sublux medially
4 - FHB subluxes laterally and EHL subluxes medially

A

2 - both sublux laterally

- when muscles then contract they pull the metatarsal medially and make problem worse

78
Q

The foot is often referred to as a tripod, where the weight is distributed across the calcaneus, 1st and 5th metatarsal (MT). In a patient with severe hallux valgus, what happens to this tripod?

1 - weight is distributed through MT IV, II and V instead of I and V
2 - weight is distributed through MT II, III and V instead of I and V
3 - weight is distributed through MT III and IV instead of I and V
4 - weight is distributed through MT I and IV instead of I and V

A

2 - weight is distributed through MT II, III and V instead of I and V

  • weight is transferred through 2nd and 3rd metatarsal
  • called transfer metatarsalgia
79
Q

The foot is often referred to as a tripod, where the weight is distributed across the calcaneus, 1st and 5th metatarsal (MT). In a patient with severe hallux valgus, the weight is distributed through MT II, III and V instead of I and V, which is called transfer metatarsalgia. What does this do to the patient?

1 - corrects foot problem
2 - changes arch of foot with no other symptoms
3 - lots of pain
4 - deforms other toes

A

3 - lots of pain

80
Q

What is a problem with an open ankle fracture?

1 - 40% risk of amputation
2 - risk of further bone fractures
3 - 40% chance of infection
4 - 40% chance of mortality

A

3 - 40% risk of infection

- amputation of foot if infection becomes deep

81
Q

Before trying to treat any injury, what must we always check 1st?

1 - temperature, swelling and bony prominences
2 - reflexes
3 - pulses and respiratory rate
4 - neurovascular structures are ok

A

4 - neurovascular structures are ok

- need to know if nerve damage is due to injury or my repair

82
Q

What are the 3 basic step processes for any fracture?

A

1 - reduce movement and allow healing
2 - restore
3 - rehab

83
Q

If a patient has experienced an ankle fracture and placed in a plaster, what must we be super cautious about?

1 - risk of deep vein thrombosis
2 - risk of muscle atrophy
3 - risk of nerve damage
4 - risk of further bone fractures

A

1 - risk of deep vein thrombosis
- all adults are therefore treated with venous thromboembolism (VTE) prophylaxis consists of pharmacological and non-pharmacological measures to diminish the risk of deep vein thrombosis (DVT) and pulmonary embolism (PE).

84
Q

Osteoarthritis of the ankle can have 2 main aetiologies, what are they?

A

1 - general degenerative

2 - post-traumatic chronically

85
Q

Osteoarthritis of the ankle can have 2 main aetiologies, general degenerative and post-traumatic chronically. What are the 2 key changes/losses in the ankle?

1 - elastin cartilage loss and malignancies
2 - malignancies and hyaline cartilage loss
3 - hyaline and fibrocartilaginous loss
4 - malignancies and fibrocartilaginous loss

A

2 - malignancies and hyaline cartilage loss

86
Q

There are 4 common signs of osteoarthritis. One of these is changes in the joint space. What happens to the joint space in osteoarthritis?

A
  • loss of joint space
87
Q

There are 4 common signs of osteoarthritis. One of these is osteophyte formation. What is an osteophyte?

A
  • bony lumps (bone spurs) that grow on the bones of the spine or around the joints
88
Q

There are 4 common signs of osteoarthritis. One of these is subchondral sclerosis. What is subchondral sclerosis?

A
  • thickening of bone that happens in joints affected by osteoarthritis
89
Q

There are 4 common signs of osteoarthritis. One of these is bone cyst formation. What is bone cyst formation?

A
  • fluid filled spots in bones
90
Q

What are the non-surgical options for someone with ankle osteoarthritis?

A
  • analgesia
  • bracing/splinting/orthotics
  • steroid injections
  • lifestyle change
91
Q

What are the surgical options for someone with ankle osteoarthritis?

A
  • cartilage restoration
  • restore alignment (osteotomy)
  • fuse joint (arthrodesis)
  • joint replacement

year 2 mis (48 decks)

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