ANATOMY OF THE FOREARM

Question 1

What are the basic proximal and distal anatomical landmarks of the forearm?

Answer 1

• proximal = elbow

- distal = radio-ulnar joint at the wrist

Question 2

The radius is the lateral bone of the foreman that runs down to the thumb. Using the labels below, label the major parts of the radius bone:

Radial Styloid
Head
Oblique line
Radial Tuberosity
Anterior Border
Neck
Interosseous Border

Answer 2

1 - Head
2 - Neck
3 - Radial Tuberosity
4 - Oblique line
5 - Interosseous Border
6 - Anterior Border
7 - Radial Styloid

Question 3

The radius bone has a radial tuberosity which allows for the attachment of muscle of the upper arm. Which muscle of the upper arm attaches here?

1 - brachoradialis
2 - biceps brachii
3 - triceps brachii
4 - brachialis

Answer 3

2 - biceps brachii

Question 4

The brachioradialis is a flexor of the elbow muscle. Is it predominantly located on the anterior or posterior part of the forearm?

Answer 4

• posterior forearm

- thats why its surprising that it is a flexor or the elbow

Question 5

The brachioradialis is a flexor of the elbow muscle, that is predominantly located on the posterior part of the forearm, but it acts to flex the elbow. What are the origin and insertions of the brachioradialis?

Answer 5

• originates = proximal aspect of the lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus
• insertion = radial styloid process of radius

Question 6

The radius articulates with 2 of the carpal bones of the hand, and therefore has 2 unique articulation surfaces at the proximal end of the bone. What 2 carpal bones does the radius articulate with at the hand?

1 - scaphoid and lunate
2 - triquetrum and lunate
3 - scaphoid and hamate
4 - lunate and trapezoid

Answer 6

1 - scaphoid and lunate

Question 7

The radius and ulnar are almost triangular bones. Where does the apex of each bone point towards?

Answer 7

• radius = medially towards the ulnar bone and interosseus membrane
• ulnar = laterally towards the radial bone and interosseus membrane

Question 8

The ulnar is the medial bone of the foreman that runs down towards the little finger. Using the labels below, label the major parts of the radius bone:

Radial Notch
Trochlear Notch
Olecranon
Coronoid Process
Ulnar Tuberosity
Anterior Border
Styloid process of ulnar
Interosseous Border

Answer 8

1 - Trochlear Notch
2 - Coronoid Process
3 - Radial Notch
4 - Interosseous Border
5 - Olecranon
6 - Ulnar Tuberosity
7 - Anterior Border
8 - styloid process of ulnar

Question 9

The brachialis is a muscle of the upper arm that flexes the elbow and lies deep to the biceps brachii. What is the insertion and origin of this muscle?

Answer 9

• origin = medial and lateral surfaces of the humeral shaft

- insertion = ulnar tuberosity and coronoid process

Question 10

Is the head of the ulnar distal or proximal?

Answer 10

• distal at wrist

Question 11

The ulnar bone of the forearm does not come into direct contact with the carpal bones of the hand. How does it connect to the hands?

Answer 11

• through a fibrocartilaginous disc

Question 12

What is the name of the membrane that can be seen between the radius and ulnar in the image below?

Answer 12

• interosseus membrane

Question 13

The interosseus membrane has an upper and lower area where there are gaps/apertures. What is the purpose of these?

Answer 13

• allows vessels to flow from anterior to posterior

Question 14

The radius attaches the ulnar at the radial head via what ligament?

1 - ulnar collateral ligament
2 - radial collateral ligament
3 - annular ligament
4 - radial ligament

Answer 14

3 - annular ligament

Question 15

What type of joint is the elbow joint and how many points of articulations does it have?

Answer 15

• a synovial hinge joint

- 3 points of articulation

Question 16

The elbow joint is a synovial hinge joint with 3 points of articulation. Label the points of articulation in the image below using the labels here:

head of radius
radial notch on ulnar
capitulum
trochlea
trochlea notch

Answer 16

1 - trochlea
2 - capitulum
3 - trochlea notch
4 - head of radius
5 - radial notch on ulnar

Question 17

The elbow joint is a synovial hinge joint with 3 points of articulation. Using the labels below, where does the humerus connect to the radius?

head of radius
radial notch on ulnar
capitulum
trochlea
trochlea notch

Answer 17

• head of radius and capitulum

- CRazy = C = capitulum and R = radius

Question 18

The elbow joint is a synovial hinge joint with 3 points of articulation. Using the labels below, where does the humerus connect to the ulnar?

head of radius
radial notch on ulnar
capitulum
trochlea
trochlea notch

Answer 18

• trochlea and trochlea notch

- TULips = T = Trochea and UL = ulnar

Question 19

The elbow joint is a synovial hinge joint with 3 points of articulation. Using the labels below, where do the radius and ulnar articulate forming the proximal radioulnar joint?

head of radius
radial notch on ulnar
capitulum
trochlea
trochlea notch

Answer 19

• head of radius and radial notch on ulnar

Question 20

There are the 2 important ligaments of the elbow that aid with stability of the joint. One is connected to the radius and the other the ulna, both attach to the humerus. What are these 2 ligaments called?

1 - ulnar and radial collateral ligament
2 - radial and annular collateral ligament
3 - annular and scaphoid ligament
4 - radial and humeral ligament

Answer 20

1 - ulnar and radial collateral ligament

Question 21

The radioulnar joint has a proximal and distal joint. What articulations make up the distal joint?

Answer 21

• ulnar head with ulnar notch of radius

Question 22

What 2 movements are able to occur at the distal and proximal ends of the radioulnar joint?

Answer 22

• pronation and supination

Question 23

During pronation of the wrist, what happens to the radial and ulnar bones?

Answer 23

• the radial bone rotates over the ulnar bone

- ulnar does not really change position

Question 24

During pronation of the wrist the radial bone rotates over the ulnar bone, but the ulnar does not really change position. Which 2 muscles facilitate pronation of the wrist?

1 - pronator teres and supinator
2 - brachioradialis and pronator quadratus
3 - pronator quadratus and pronator teres
4 - pronator teres and brachialis

Answer 24

3 - pronator quadratus and pronator teres

Question 25

Which 2 muscles of the forearm facilitate supination? 1 - supinator and biceps brachii tendon 2 - supinator and brachioradialis 3 - supinator and brachialis 4 - supinator and corachobrachialis

Answer 25

1 - supinator and biceps brachii muscle

Question 26

What is the name given to the area of transition between the anatomical arm and the forearm on the anterior surface of the elbow that acts as a gateway for nerves and blood vessels? 1 - carpal tunner 2 - anticubital space 3 - cubital fossa 4 - anatomical snuff box

Answer 26

3 - cubital fossa

Question 27

What are the 3 muscles that make up the medial, lateral and floor of the cubital fossa? 1 - brachioradialis, bicep brachii, triceps 2 - pronator teres, brachioradialis, brachialis 3 - pronator teres, brachioradialis, bicep brachii 4 - bicep brachii, pronator teres, brachialis

Answer 27

2 - pronator teres, brachioradialis, brachialis - medial = pronator teres - lateral = brachioradialis - floor = brachialis

Question 28

Which part of the humerus can an imaginary line be drawn to signify the base of the cubital fossa?

Answer 28

- between lateral and medial epicondyles

Question 29

What structure forms the roof of the cubital fossa? 1 - aponeurosis of bicep brachii 2 - aponeurosis of supinator 3 - interosseus membrane 4 - aponeurosis of pronator teres

Answer 29

1 - aponeurosis of bicep brachii

Question 30

There are 3 main sites for venepuncture that are superior to the cubital fossa. Use the labels below to label the image: basilic vein cephalic vein median cubital vein

Answer 30

1 - cephalic vein 2 - median cubital vein 3 - basilic vein

Question 31

The cubital fossa is the name of the area of transition between the anatomical arm and the forearm on the anterior surface of the elbow that acts as a gateway for nerves and blood vessels. The mnemonic Really Need - Beer To - Be At - My Nicest can be used to identify the contents of the cubital fossa. Using the mnemonic, what are the contents?

Answer 31

``` Laterally to medial 1 - Really Need = radial nerve 2 - Beer To = biceps tendon 3 - Be At = brachial artery 4 - My Nicest = median nerve ```

Question 32

The forearm can be subdivided into an anterior (flexor) and posterior (extensor) compartment. What divides the anterior and posterior compartments?

Answer 32

- interosseus membrane between radius and ulna

Question 33

What direction to the wrist and digits move in for flexion and extension if the arm is in a neutral position with palms facing forward?

Answer 33

- flexion = wrist and digits bend forward | - extension = wrist and digits move backwards

Question 34

What movements of the wrist, fingers, thumb and forearm are facilitated by the muscles located in the posterior compartment of the forearm?

Answer 34

- extension of the wrist, fingers and thumb | - supination of forearm

Question 35

The posterior compartment is mainly innervated by one key nerve and its main branch. What are these called? 1 - ulnar nerve and deep posterior interosseous branch 2 - radial nerve and deep posterior interosseous branch 3 - ulnar nerve and deep anterior interosseous branch 4 - radial nerve and deep anterior interosseous branch

Answer 35

2 - radial nerve and deep posterior interosseous branch

Question 36

The posterior compartment is mainly supplied by one key artery and 2 of its main branches, what are these called? 1 - ulnar artery and deep posterior and anterior interosseous arteries 2 - radial artery and deep posterior and anterior interosseous arteries 3 - brachial artery and deep anterior and posterior interosseous arteries 4 - brachialis artery and deep anterior and posterior interosseous arteries

Answer 36

2 - radial artery and deep posterior and anterior interosseous arteries

Question 37

Using the mnemonic Big Chocolate Chips, Double Dip Cherries from medial to lateral, what are the superficial muscles of the posterior compartment of the forearm?

Answer 37

- Big = Brachioradialis - Chocolate = extensor Carpi Radialis Longus - Chips = extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis - Double = extensor Digitorum superficialis - Dip = Digiti Minimi Extensor - Cherries = Carpi Ulnaris Extensor

Question 38

All superficial muscles of posterior compartment of the forearm cross what joint?

Answer 38

- elbow

Question 39

The 2 muscles below belong to the superficial posterior compartment of the forearm. Where do both of these muscles originate from? Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus Brachioradialis

Answer 39

- lateral supracondylar ridge of the humerus

Question 40

All the muscles below originate at what bony point of the humerus? Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis Extensor Digitorum Extensor Digiti Minimi Extensor Carpi Ulnaris

Answer 40

- lateral epicondyle of humerus

Question 41

The Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus and Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis are located in the superficial posterior compartment of the forearm. Their origins are as follows: - Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus = supracondylar ridge of humerus - Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis = lateral epicondyle Where do these 2 muscles insert?

Answer 41

- Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus = base of 2nd metacarpal | - Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis = base of 3rd metacarpal

Question 42

The Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus and Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis are located in the superficial posterior compartment of the forearm. The muscles originate and insert as follows: 1 - Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus - origin at supracondylar ridge of humerus - insert at base of 2nd metacarpal 2 - Extensor Carpi Radialis Brevis = base of 3rd metacarpal - origin at lateral epicondyle of humerus - insert at base of 3rd metacarpal What movement do these muscles facilitate at the wrist?

Answer 42

- extension of wrist | - abduction/radia déviation

Question 43

Where does the extensor digitorum originate and insert?

Answer 43

- origin = lateral epicondyle of humerus | - insertion = each of the 4 extensor hood of each finger

Question 44

The extensor digitorum originate and inserts as follows: - origin = lateral epicondyle of humerus - insertion = each of the 4 extensor hood of each finger What movements does this allow?

Answer 44

- extends medial four fingers at the MCP and IP joints.

Question 45

Where does the extensor digiti minimi originate and insert?

Answer 45

- origin = lateral epicondyle of the humerus | - insertion = extensor digitorum tendon, into the extensor hood of the little finger

Question 46

The extensor digiti minimi and inserts as follows: - origin = lateral epicondyle of the humerus - insertion = extensor digitorum tendon, into the extensor hood of the little finger What movement does this allow?

Answer 46

- extension of the little finger | - contributes to extension at the wrist

Question 47

Where does the Extensor Carpi Ulnaris originate and and insert?

Answer 47

- origin = lateral epicondyle of the humerus | - insertion = base of metacarpal V.

Question 48

The Extensor Carpi Ulnaris originates and and inserts as follows: - origin = lateral epicondyle of the humerus - insertion = base of metacarpal V What movement does it facilitate?

Answer 48

- extension and adduction (ulnar deviation) of wrist.

Question 49

The brachioradialis muscle is located in the superficial posterior section of the forearm, but is involved in flexion of the elbow. Where does this muscle originate and insert?

Answer 49

- lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus | - inserts = radial styloid process of radius

Question 50

The anconeus muscle is located in the superficial posterior compartment of the forearm. Where does this muscle originate and insert?

Answer 50

- origin = lateral epicondyle | - inserts = posterior and lateral part of the olecranon of ulnar

Question 51

The anconeus muscle is located in the superficial posterior compartment of the forearm and originates and inserts as follows: - origin = lateral epicondyle - inserts = posterior and lateral part of the olecranon of ulnar What movements does this muscle contribute towards?

Answer 51

- extends and stabilises the elbow joint | - abducts the ulna during pronation of the forearm

Question 52

'Some People Prefer Punching It' is the mnemonic to help remember the deep muscles of the posterior compartment of the forearm. What are the 5 muscles using the mnemonic?

Answer 52

- Some = Supinator - People = abductor Pollicis longus - Prefer = extensor Pollicis brevis - Punching = extensor Pollicis longus - It = extensor Indicis

Question 53

'Some People Prefer Punching It' is the mnemonic to help remember the deep muscles of the posterior compartment of the forearm. Using the labels below, label the muscles on the image: - Some = Supinator - People = abductor Pollicis longus - Prefer = extensor Pollicis brevis - Punching = extensor Pollicis longus - It = extensor Indicis

Answer 53

- 1 = supinator - 2 = Extensor Pollicis Longus - 3 = Abductor Pollicis Longus - 4 = Extensor Pollicis Brevis - 5 = Extensor Indicis

Question 54

'Some People Prefer Punching It' is the mnemonic to help remember the deep muscles of the posterior compartment of the forearm. Of the muscles below, which is the only muscle that crosses the elbow? - Some = Supinator - People = abductor Pollicis longus - Prefer = extensor Pollicis brevis - Punching = extensor Pollicis longus - It = extensor Indicis

Answer 54

- supinator

Question 55

The supinator is one of the deep muscles of the posterior compartment of the forearm. What is the origin and insertion of this muscle?

Answer 55

- origin: lateral epicondyle and supinator crest (dorsolateral ulna) - insertion: lateral surface and posterior border of radius

Question 56

The supinator is one of the deep muscles of the posterior compartment of the forearm. Its origin and insertion are as follows: - origin: supinator crest (dorsolateral ulna) - insertion: lateral surface and posterior border of radius What actions does this muscle contribute towards?

Answer 56

- supination of the forearm

Question 57

What does the word pollicis mean in latin in relation to anatomy?

Answer 57

- latin for thumb | - any muscle names with pollicis in refer to the thumb

Question 58

The abductor pollicis longus name can be broken down into: - abductor = movement it contributes to and abducts the thumb - pollicis = latin for thumb - longus = muscle with long tendon Where does this muscle originate and insert?

Answer 58

- origin = proximal dorsal radius, ulna and interosseous membrane - insertion = lateral aspect of 1st metacarpal

Question 59

The extensor pollicis brevis name can be broken down into: - extensor = movement it contributes to extension of the thumb - pollicis = latin for thumb - brevis = muscle with short tendon Where does this muscle originate and insert?

Answer 59

- origin = dorsal radius, ulna and interosseous membrane | - insertion = dorsal surface of the proximal phalanx of digit I

Question 60

The extensor pollicis longus name can be broken down into: - extensor = movement it contributes to extension of the thumb - pollicis = latin for thumb - brevis = muscle with long tendon Where does this muscle originate and insert?

Answer 60

- origin = dorsal ulna and interosseous membrane | - insertion = dorsal surface of the distal phalanx of digit I

Question 61

The extensor indices name can be broken down into: - extensor = movement it contributes to extension of the index finger - indices = latin for index finger Where does this muscle originate and insert?

Answer 61

- origin = posterior surface of ulna | - insertion = extensor expansion of digit II (index finger)

Question 62

'Some People Prefer Punching It' is the mnemonic to help remember the deep muscles of the posterior compartment of the forearm. Of the muscles below, which 3 muscles form the snuff box, given the name as this is where people inhaled tobacco from, at the wrist? - Some = Supinator - People = abductor Pollicis longus - Prefer = extensor Pollicis brevis - Punching = extensor Pollicis longus - It = extensor Indicis

Answer 62

- Abductor Pollicis Longus - Extensor Pollicis Brevis - Extensor Pollicis Longus

Question 63

The anatomical snuff box, given the name as this is where people inhaled tobacco from, is formed by the 3 muscles below. - Abductor Pollicis Longus - Extensor Pollicis Brevis - Extensor Pollicis Longus What is the clinical relevance of the snuff box?

Answer 63

- during a fall, the scaphoid bone is commonly broken | - pain is felt in the snuff box

Question 64

The anterior compartment of the forearm contains muscles involved in flexion of the elbow. What other movements does the anterior compartment of the forearm contribute to?

Answer 64

- flexion of the wrist, fingers and thumb | - pronation of the forearm

Question 65

The anterior compartment of the forearm contains muscles involved in flexion of the elbow. There are 2 key nerves, and a branch from a key nerve in the posterior compartment of the forearm. What are these nerves? 1 - radial and median nerve, superficial branch of radial (sensory) 2 - ulnar and median nerve, superficial branch of ulnar (sensory) 3 - ulnar and median nerve, superficial branch of radial (sensory) 4 - ulnar and radial nerve, superficial branch of radial (sensory)

Answer 65

3 - ulnar and median nerve, superficial branch of radial (sensory)

Question 66

The anterior compartment of the forearm contains muscles involved in flexion of the elbow. There are 2 key arteries contained within. What are these blood vessels? 1 - ulnar and median artery 2 - ulnar and brachial artery 3 - radial and brachial artery 4 - ulnar and radial artery

Answer 66

4 - ulnar and radial artery | - branches of brachial artery that brach at cubital fossa

Question 67

There are 3 layers of muscles contained within the anterior forearm, the superficial, intermediate and deep layers. Using the mnemonic Pass Fail Pass Fail what are the 4 muscles moving laterally to medially of the superficial layer?

Answer 67

- Pass = Pronator Teres - Fail = Flexor Carpi radialis - Pass = Palmer Longus - Fail = Flexor Carpi ulnaris

Question 68

All muscles of the superficial layer of the anterior layer of the forearm cross what and originate from what?

Answer 68

- cross the elbow | - originate from medial epicondyle

Question 69

There are 3 layers of muscles contained within the anterior forearm, the superficial, intermediate and deep layers. Using the mnemonic 'Today Colin Loves Cats' what are the 4 muscles moving laterally to medially of the superficial layer are: - Today = pronator Teres - Colin = flexor Carpi radialis - Loves = palmer Longus - Cats = flexor Carpi ulnaris Where does the pronator teres originate and insert and what action does this facilitate?

Answer 69

- origin = 2 heads: one is the medial epicondyle and the 2nd is the coronoid process of the ulna - insertion = lateral mid-shaft of the radius - pronation of the forearm

Question 70

There are 3 layers of muscles contained within the anterior forearm, the superficial, intermediate and deep layers. Using the mnemonic 'Today Colin Loves Cats' what are the 4 muscles moving laterally to medially of the superficial layer are: - Today = pronator Teres - Colin = flexor Carpi radialis - Loves = palmer Longus - Cats = flexor Carpi ulnaris Where does the flexor carpi radialis originate and insert and what action does this facilitate?

Answer 70

- origin = medial epicondyle - inserts = attaches to the base of metacarpals II and III - movement = flexion and abduction (radial deviation) at the wrist

Question 71

There are 3 layers of muscles contained within the anterior forearm, the superficial, intermediate and deep layers. Using the mnemonic 'Today Colin Loves Cats' what are the 4 muscles moving laterally to medially of the superficial layer are: - Today = pronator Teres - Colin = flexor Carpi radialis - Loves = palmer Longus - Cats = flexor Carpi ulnaris Where does the palmer longus originate and insert and what action does this facilitate?

Answer 71

- originates = medial epicondyle - flexor retinaculum of the wrist - movement = flexion at the wrist

Question 72

There are 3 layers of muscles contained within the anterior forearm, the superficial, intermediate and deep layers. Using the mnemonic 'Today Colin Loves Cats' what are the 4 muscles moving laterally to medially of the superficial layer are: - Today = pronator Teres - Colin = flexor Carpi radialis - Loves = palmer Longus - Cats = flexor Carpi ulnaris Where does the flexor carpi ulnaris originate and insert and what action does this facilitate?

Answer 72

- origin 1 = medial epicondyle of the humerus - origin 2 = olecranon of the ulnar - insertion = pisiform bone, hook of hamate, and base of the 5th metacarpal - movement = flexion and adduction (ulnar deviation) at the wrist

Question 73

There are 3 layers of muscles contained within the anterior forearm, the superficial, intermediate and deep layers. In the intermediate layer there is only one muscles with 2 heads. What is this muscle called?

Answer 73

- flexor diegitorum superficialis

Question 74

There are 3 layers of muscles contained within the anterior forearm, the superficial, intermediate and deep layers. In the intermediate layer there is only one muscles called the flexor digitorum superficialis. What are the 2 origins and insertions of this muscle?

Answer 74

- origin 1 = medial epicondyle of the humerus (humeral-ulnar head) - origin 2 = radial head - insertion = four tendons at the wrist, which travel through the carpal tunnel, and attaches to the middle phalanges of the four fingers (slightly off medial)

Question 75

There are 3 layers of muscles contained within the anterior forearm, the superficial, intermediate and deep layers. In the intermediate layer there is only one muscles called the flexor digitorum superficialis. What movement does this muscle facilitate?

Answer 75

- flexion of the metacarpophalangeal joints and proximal interphalangeal joints at the 4 fingers - flexion at the wrist

Question 76

There are 3 layers of muscles contained within the anterior forearm, the superficial, intermediate and deep layers. There are 3 muscles in the deep layer of the anterior forearm. Using the mnemonic 'David Polices Queeny' what are the 3 muscles called?

Answer 76

- David = flexor Digitorum profundus - Polices = flexor Pollicis longus - Queeny = pronator Quadratus

Question 77

There are 3 layers of muscles contained within the anterior forearm, the superficial, intermediate and deep layers. There are 3 muscles in the deep layer of the anterior forearm. The 3 muscles are called: - David = flexor Digitorum profundus - Polices = flexor Pollicis longus - Queeny = pronator Quadratus What is the origin and insertion and movement facilitated by the flexor Digitorum profundus muscle?

Answer 77

- origin = ulna and associated interosseous membrane - insertion = splits into four tendons, that pass through the carpal tunnel and attach to the distal phalanges of the four fingers - movement = flex the distal interphalangeal joints of the fingers and flexes the metacarpophalangeal joints and at the wrist

Question 78

There are 3 layers of muscles contained within the anterior forearm, the superficial, intermediate and deep layers. There are 3 muscles in the deep layer of the anterior forearm. The 3 muscles are called: - David = flexor Digitorum profundus - Polices = flexor Pollicis longus - Queeny = pronator Quadratus What is the origin and insertion and movement facilitated by the flexor Pollicis longus muscle?

Answer 78

- origin = anterior surface of the radius and surrounding interosseous membrane - insertion = distal phalanx of the thumb - movements = flexes the interphalangeal joint and metacarpophalangeal joint of the thumb

Question 79

There are 3 layers of muscles contained within the anterior forearm, the superficial, intermediate and deep layers. There are 3 muscles in the deep layer of the anterior forearm. The 3 muscles are called: - David = flexor Digitorum profundus - Polices = flexor Pollicis longus - Queeny = pronator Quadratus What is the origin and insertion and movement facilitated by the pronator Quadratus muscle?

Answer 79

- origin = anterior surface of the ulna - insertion = anterior surface of the radius - movements = pronates the forearm

Question 80

What are the 2 key movements facilitated by the anterior compartment of the forearm? 1 - extension and pronation 2 - extension and supination 3 - flexion and supination 4 - flexion and pronation

Answer 80

4 - flexion and pronation

Question 81

What are the 2 key movements facilitated by the posterior compartment of the forearm? 1 - extension and pronation 2 - extension and supination 3 - flexion and supination 4 - flexion and pronation

Answer 81

2 - extension and supination

Question 82

The radial artery is a key artery of the forearm. What important anatomical landmark does it pass through as it enters the wrist?

Answer 82

- snuff box

Question 83

Is the radial artery located in the anterior or posterior compartment and what key muscle is it located beneath?

Answer 83

- located in anterior forearm and passes through cubital fossa - below brachioradialis

Question 84

There are superficial veins of the forearm, namely median cubital, cephalic and basilic veins. All other veins are named after what?

Answer 84

- accompanying arteries

Question 85

There are 3 key nerves of the forearm, what are they?

Answer 85

- median - radial - ulnar

Question 86

Which 2 key nerves supply the anterior compartment of the forearm?

Answer 86

- median all muscles except 2 below - ulnar nerve = medial head of flexor digitorum profundus (medial 1/2 of digit IV and all of digit V) and flexor carpi ulnaris

Question 87

What is the key nerve that supplies the posterior compartment of the forearm?

Answer 87

- radial nerve

Question 88

What is the difference between dermatome and cutaneous innervation?

Answer 88

- dermatome = area of the skin innervated by a single spinal root (C5, C6 etc...) - cutaneous innervation = area of the skin innervated by a specific cutaneous nerve

Question 89

We have 8 muscles in the anterior compartment of the forearm and 3 layers. How can we remember how many are in each layer?

Answer 89

- 4 - 1 = 3 - superficial = 4 muscles - intermediate = 1 muscle - deep = 3 muscles

Question 90

By placing your left hand (without including the thumb) onto your right forearm with the wrist over the medial epicondyle of the humerus you can use your fingers and the mnemonic Pass Fail Pass Fail to remember the 4 superficial forearm muscles. Remembering the orientation of your fingers can help: - Pass = finger is on radius bone - Fail = finger is on the radius bone - Pass = finger is in middle of ulnar and radius - Fail = finger is on the ulnar bone What are the 4 anterior muscles of the forearm?

Answer 90

- Pass = Pronator tere - Fail = Flexor carpi radiali - Pass = Palmer longus - Fail = Flexor carpi ulnaris

Question 91

By placing your left hand (without including the thumb) onto your right forearm with the wrist over the medial epicondyle of the humerus you can use your fingers and the mnemonic Pass Fail Pass Fail to remember the 4 superficial forearm muscles. The first finger reaches over grabbing the radius bone. If this muscle begins with P and contracts it will pull the radius over. This helps identify the muscle, what is the name?

Answer 91

- pronator teres | - pulling radius over from supine position is called pronation

Question 92

By placing your left hand (without including the thumb) onto your right forearm with the wrist over the medial epicondyle of the humerus you can use your fingers and the mnemonic Pass Fail Pass Fail to remember the 4 superficial forearm muscles. The second finger reaches over and is on the radius. It begins with F and is on the radial side, what muscle is this?

Answer 92

- flexor carpi radialis - it flexes the wrist at the carpal joints - it abducts the wrist called radial deviation as hand deviates towards the radius

Question 93

By placing your left hand (without including the thumb) onto your right forearm with the wrist over the medial epicondyle of the humerus you can use your fingers and the mnemonic Pass Fail Pass Fail to remember the 4 superficial forearm muscles. The 3rd finger is in the middle of the forearm. It begins with P and is, what muscle is this?

Answer 93

- palmaris longus - attaches to flexor retinaculum of the wrist - only tendon that does not pass through carpal tunnel

Question 94

By placing your left hand (without including the thumb) onto your right forearm with the wrist over the medial epicondyle of the humerus you can use your fingers and the mnemonic Pass Fail Pass Fail to remember the 4 superficial forearm muscles. The 4th finger is on the ulnar bone. It begins with F and is, what muscle is this?

Answer 94

- flexor carpi ulnaris - on forearm so it is a flexor - carpi so it flexes the wrist - ulnaris so it causes ulnar deviation (adduction)

Question 95

We have 8 muscles in the anterior compartment of the forearm and 3 layers. Using 4 - 1 = 3 we can see the following: - superficial = 4 muscles - intermediate = 1 muscle - deep = 3 muscles What is the 1 muscle located in the intermediate compartment? 1 = Pronator teres 2 - Flexor digitorum superficial 3 - Extensor digitorum superficial 4 - Flexor carpi ulnaris

Answer 95

2 - Flexor digitorum superficial - flexes the finger at the metacarpophalangeal and PIP joint (knuckles) - we can make a girly fist without the thumb as it attaches to digits II-V (2-5) but not the thumb - IT CANNOT FLEX THE DIP

Question 96

We have 8 muscles in the anterior compartment of the forearm and 3 layers. Using 4 - 1 = 3 we can see the following: - superficial = 4 muscles - intermediate = 1 muscle - deep = 3 muscles There are 3 muscles in the anterior deep compartment. They are the: - Flexor Digitorum Profundus - Flexor Pollicis Longus - Pronator Quadratus How do we know what the Flexor Digitorum Profundus does and attaches to?

Answer 96

- flexor so we know it flexes the proximal interphalangeal joints (PIP) - digitorum so we know it attaches to the distal phalanx - profundus so we know this muscle is deep

Question 97

We have 8 muscles in the anterior compartment of the forearm and 3 layers. Using 4 - 1 = 3 we can see the following: - superficial = 4 muscles - intermediate = 1 muscle - deep = 3 muscles There are 3 muscles in the anterior deep compartment. They are the: - Flexor Digitorum Profundus - Flexor Pollicis Longus - Pronator Quadratus How do we know what the Flexor Pollicis Longus does and attaches to?

Answer 97

- flexor so we know it flexes the interphalangeal and MCT joint - pollicis (latin for thumb) so we know it attaches to the thumb - longus

Question 98

We have 8 muscles in the anterior compartment of the forearm and 3 layers. Using 4 - 1 = 3 we can see the following: - superficial = 4 muscles - intermediate = 1 muscle - deep = 3 muscles There are 3 muscles in the anterior deep compartment. They are the: - Flexor Digitorum Profundus - Flexor Pollicis Longus - Pronator Quadratus How do we know what the Pronator Quadratus does and attaches to?

Answer 98

- pronator so it pronates the forearm - quadratus is due to the shape of the muscle - origin is on ulnar so when it contracts it pulls the radial on top like pulling a duvet and pronating the wrist

Question 99

The 8 muscles of the anterior forearm are innervated by 2 nerves, the median or ulnar nerve. Only 2 of these 8 muscles are innervated by the ulnar nerve. The 2 muscles of the anterior forearm that are innervated actually trap the ulnar nerve. Using the acronyms FDP and FCU what are these 2 muscles called?

Answer 99

- FDP = flexor digitorum profundus (medial head, 1/2 of digit 4 (medial) and all of digit 5) - FCU = flexor carpi ulnaris

Question 100

Of the 8 muscles in the anterior forearm compartment 6 are in elevated by the same nerve. They are: - pronator teres - flexor carpi radialis - palmaris longus - flexor digitorum superficialis - flexor pollicis longus - pronator quadratus They are all supplied by what nerve? 1 - radial 2 - median 3 - ulnar 4 - humeral

Answer 100

2 - median

Question 101

The posterior forearm has 12 muscles in total, 6 superficial and 6 deep. The 1st muscle from lateral to medial is the brachioradialis. What is the function of this muscle and what does it attach?

Answer 101

- lateral supracondylar ridge of humerus, and attaches to the styloid process of the radius - flexes the elbow and pronates the wrist (try to contract the bicep but then pronate and supinate the wrist)

Question 102

The posterior forearm has 12 muscles in total, 6 superficial and 6 deep. The 2nd muscle from lateral to medial is the Extensor Carpi Radialis Longus. What is the function of this muscle and what does it attach?

Answer 102

- originates from the supracondylar ridge, attaching to the posterior aspect of base of metacarpal bone 2 - extensor means it extends - carpi means carpal joint (wrist) - radialis means it causes radial deviation (abduction) at the wrist

Question 103

The posterior forearm has 12 muscles in total, 6 superficial and 6 deep. The 3rd muscle from lateral to medial is the Extensor Carpi Radialis brevis. What is the function of this muscle and what does it attach?

Answer 103

- originates from the lateral epicondyle, attaching to metacarpal bones III - extensor so it extends - carpi is carpal joint (wrist) - radialis so it causes radial deviation (abduction)

Question 104

The posterior forearm has 12 muscles in total, 6 superficial and 6 deep. The 4th muscle from lateral to medial is the Extensor digitorum. What is the function of this muscle and what does it attach?

Answer 104

- originates from the lateral epicondyle and inserts into the extensor hood of each finger - extensor so it extends - digitorum so it extends the 4 digits at the MCP and IP joints

Question 105

The posterior forearm has 12 muscles in total, 6 superficial and 6 deep. The 5th muscle from lateral to medial is the Extensor Digiti Minimi. What is the function of this muscle and what does it attach?

Answer 105

- originates from the lateral epicondyle, attaching to the extensor digitorum tendon, on the extensor hood of the little finger - extensor = extends - digit = finger - minimi = little finger - extends the little finger

Question 106

The posterior forearm has 12 muscles in total, 6 superficial and 6 deep. The 5th muscle from lateral to medial is the Extensor Carpi Ulnaris. What is the function of this muscle and what does it attach?

Answer 106

- originates from the lateral epicondyle, attaching to the base of metacarpal V (little finger) - extensor = extends - carpi =carpal bone joint - ulnaris = ulnar deviation (adduction) of wrist.

Question 107

The posterior forearm has 12 muscles in total, 6 superficial and 6 deep. The order of these is how the muscles run proximally to distally down the arm. The 1st muscle is the anconeus. What is the function of this muscle and what does it attach?

Answer 107

- lateral epicondyle of humerus and inserts onto the lateral surface of olecranon - due to its location it extends the elbow joint

Question 108

The posterior forearm has 12 muscles in total, 6 superficial and 6 deep. The order of these is how the muscles run proximally to distally down the arm. The 2nd muscle is the supinator. What is the function of this muscle and what does it attach?

Answer 108

- it has two heads of origin, one originates from the lateral epicondyle and the 2nd from the posterior surface of the ulna. - they insert together into the posterior surface of the radius - facilitate supination by pulling on the radius, like pulling a cover over in bed

Question 109

The posterior forearm has 12 muscles in total, 6 superficial and 6 deep. The order of these is how the muscles run proximally to distally down the arm. The 3rd muscle is the Abductor Pollicis Longus. What is the function of this muscle and what does it attach?

Answer 109

- originates from the interosseous membrane and the adjacent posterior surfaces of the radius and ulna, attaching to the lateral side of the base of metacarpal I (thumb) - abductor so we know it abducts - pollicis so we know it abducts the thumb

Question 110

The posterior forearm has 12 muscles in total, 6 superficial and 6 deep. The order of these is how the muscles run proximally to distally down the arm. The 4th muscle is the Extensor Pollicis Brevis. What is the function of this muscle and what does it attach?

Answer 110

- originates at the posterior surface of the radius and interosseous membrane, attaching to the base of the proximal phalanx of the thumb - extensor so we know it extends - pollicis so we know it extends the thumb - brevis is shorter than longus for attachment - extends at the metacarpophalangeal and carpometacarpal joints of the thumb.

Question 111

The posterior forearm has 12 muscles in total, 6 superficial and 6 deep. The order of these is how the muscles run proximally to distally down the arm. The 5th muscle is the Extensor Pollicis longus. What is the function of this muscle and what does it attach?

Answer 111

- originates from the posterior surface of the ulna and interosseous membrane, attaching to the distal phalanx of the thumb - extensor so we know it extends - pollicis so we know it extends the thumb - longus so we know it attaches further along the thumb - extends anywhere on the thumb

Question 112

The posterior forearm has 12 muscles in total, 6 superficial and 6 deep. The order of these is how the muscles run proximally to distally down the arm. The 6th muscle is the Extensor Indicis What is the function of this muscle and what does it attach?

Answer 112

- originates from the posterior surface of the ulna and interosseous membrane, attaching to the extensor hood of the index finger - extensor so we know it extends - indices so we know it extends the index finger

Question 113

The anatomical snuffbox is formed from 3 of the muscles from the deep layer of the posterior compartment of the forearm. Using the mnemonic Brevis between 2 Longus AEE (from median to lateral) can help remember this. What are the muscles?

Answer 113

- A = Abductor pollicis brevis - E = Extensor pollicis brevis - E = Extensor pollicis longus

Question 114

All 12 muscles of the posterior forearm are innervated by the same nerve. Which nerve is this? 1 - radial 2 - median 3 - ulnar 4 - humeral

Answer 114

1 - radial

Question 115

The flexor digitorum profundus (FDP) and superficialis (FDS) are both flexor muscles contained within the anterior compartment of the forearm. The FDP has its insertion at the distal phalanx of the digits II-V. However, to each this it must pass through the FDS. What is the name of the structure that is created by this? 1 - carpal tunnel 2- politeal fossa 3 - axilla fossa 4 - campers chiasm

Answer 115

4 - campers chiasm