Overview of immunology, innate defences, and inflamm Flashcards
Which cell lineage is primarily responsible or the innate immune response?
- Myeloid
- Lymphoid
- Myeloid
What does myeloid relate to?
- myeloid = relates to bone tissue
Myeloid, which relates to bone tissue, but what does myeloid lineage refer to?
- cells that originate from the bone marrow
Identify the key cells of the innate immune system:
1 - monocyte, macrophage, T cell, basophil, neutrophil, dendritic, NK
2 - monocyte, macrophage, basophil, neutrophil, dendritic, eosinophil, NK cells
3 - monocyte, macrophage, B cell, basophil, T cell, dendritic, NK
4 - monocyte, macrophage, T cell, NK cell, neutrophil, dendritic, NK
2 - monocyte, macrophage, basophil, neutrophil, dendritic, eosinophil, NK cells
Which cells are more abundant in chronic inflammation?
- Neutrophils
- Monocytes
- Lymphocytes
- Lymphocytes
Label the cells involved in acute inflammation below using the labels:
selectins IL-8 macrophages IL-1, IL-6, TNF-a mast cells histamine integrins
A = macrophages B = mast cells C = histamine D = IL-1, IL-6, TNF-a E = IL-8 F = selectins G =integrins
What are a few examples of physical barriers of the innate immune response?
- skin
- epithelial cells
- mucous
What are mast cells?
- a granulocyte cell that forms part of innate immune system
- able to release histamine (allergies) and heparin (anti-coagulants)
What are phagocytic cells?
- cells able to engulf and digest foreign bodies and dying cells
There are 3 types of phagocytic cells, which are cells that posses the ability to engulf and digest foreign bodies and dying cells. Which of the cells below are classified as phagocytic?
1 - neutrophils, T cells, dendrites
2 - neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages
3 - B cells, neutrophils and monocytes
4 - B cells, monocytes and macrophages
2 - neutrophils, monocytes and macrophages
What 2 cells are monocytes able to differentiate into?
1 - macrophages and eosinophils
2 - macrophages and neutrophils
3 - eosinophils and dendritic cells
4 - macrophages and dendritic cells
4 - macrophages and dendritic cells
What are granulocyte cells?
- cells that contain granules
- granules contain enzymes that are released when the cell is activated
What are the 4 types of granulocyte cells?
1 - dendritic cells, eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells
2 - neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells
3 - macrophages, eosinophils, dendritic cells, and mast cells
4 - macrophages, eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells
2 - neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils, and mast cells
What is an antimicrobial protein/peptide?
- a protein that is able to reduce the presence of microbes
- produces by epithelial cells and neutrophils
- soluble molecules contained within saliva, tears etc that are able to interfere with the pathogens membranes triggering lysis
Antimicrobial protein/peptide are able to reduce the presence of microbes. What distinguishes if it is a peptide or protein?
1 - number of amino acids
2 - molecular weight
3 - function
4 - lineage
1 - number of amino acids
- peptide = <100 amino acids
- protein = >100 amino acids
What is a lysozome?
- an enzyme able to cause lysis of bacteria
Protein antimicrobials are proteins which are >100 amino acids in size that are able to reduce the presence of microbes. Which 2 of the following are examples of protein antimicrobials?
1 - lysozymes (tears, saliva, respiratory tract)
2 - cathelicidin LL-37
3 - skin proteins (psoriiasin, calprotectin)
4 - defensins a and B
1 - lysozymes (tears, saliva, respiratory tract)
3 - skin proteins (psoriiasin, calprotectin)
Peptide antimicrobials are proteins which are <100 amino acids in size that are able to reduce the presence of microbes. Which 2 of the following are examples of peptide antimicrobials?
1 - lysozymes (tears, saliva, respiratory tract)
2 - cathelicidin LL-37
3 - skin proteins (psoriiasin, calprotectin)
4 - defensins a and B
2 - cathelicidin LL-37
4 - defensins a and B
Peptide antimicrobials are proteins which are <100 amino acids in size that are able to reduce the presence of microbes. Cathelicidin LL-37 and defensins a and B are 2 key examples of peptide antimicrobials. What 2 cells secrete these peptides?
1 - epithelial cells and macrophages
2 - epithelial cells and neutrophils
3 - epithelial cells and NK cells
4 - epithelial cells and T cells
2 - epithelial cells and neutrophils
What are histatins?
1 - antimicrobial peptides present in saliva that posses anti-fungal properties
2 - antimicrobial proteins present in saliva that posses anti-fungal properties
3 - antimicrobial peptides present inside granulocytes that posses anti-fungal properties
4 - antimicrobial peptides present in tear ducts that posses anti-fungal properties
1 - antimicrobial peptides present in saliva that posses anti-fungal properties
Pattern recognition is crucial to sounding the alarm and initiating the immune response. What does the mnemonic PAMPs relate to?
- Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns
- molecules on foreign bodies (antigens) such as lipoproteins, peptidoglycans, glycolipids or lipopolysaccharide (can also be RNA, DNA)
- PAMPS recognise the antigens just based on structure
Pattern recognition is crucial to sounding the alarm and initiating the immune response. What does the mnemonic PRR relate to?
- Pattern Recognition Receptors
- bind with PAMPs and DAMPs
Pattern recognition is crucial to sounding the alarm and initiating the immune response through binding with PAMPs and DAMPs. What are Pattern Recognition Receptors (PRRs)?
- receptors that can be soluble, extracellular or intracellular
- PRRs are able to detect foreign bodies and alert phagocytes and initiate an immune response
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) can be soluble, intracellular or extracellular and are designed to detect foreign bodies and damage to our own cells. Are these only located on and inside immune cells?
- no can also be soluble
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) can be soluble, intracellular or extracellular and are designed to detect foreign bodies and damage to our own cells. Once soluble PRRs bind to Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs) the are able to induce phagocytosis of the foreign body that the PRR is bound with. Organise the steps below that occur following the binding of PRR with a PAMPs:
- phagocytic cell becomes activated
- phagocyte phagocytoses the foreign body
- activated phagocytic cell releases cytokines to initiate an immune response
- phagocyte binds with PRR
1 - phagocyte binds with PRR
2 - phagocyte phagocytoses the foreign body
3 - phagocytic cell becomes activated
4 - activated phagocytic cell releases cytokines to initiate an immune response
Pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) can be soluble, intracellular or extracellular and are designed to detect foreign bodies and damage to our own cells. Once the soluble PRRs bind to Pathogen Associated Molecular Patterns (PAMPs), organise the steps that occur:
- amplification of phagocytosis by PRR bound to PAMPs
- PRR bind to PAMPs
- proteolytic cascade causing lysis of the microorganism
1 - PRR bind to PAMPs
2 - amplification of phagocytosis by PRR bound to PAMPs
3 - proteolytic cascade causing lysis of the microorganism
What is the name given to the group of soluble pattern recognition receptors (PRRs)?
1 - complementary proteins
2 - monocytes
3 - opsonins
4 - lysozymes
3 - opsonins
Opsonins are soluble pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). What is the function of opsonins?
1 - identify dead cells only for phagocytosis
2 - identify foreign bodies only for phagocytosis
3 - identify foreign and dead/damaged cells for phagocytosis
4 - identify B cells for activation
3 - identify foreign and dead/damaged cells for phagocytosis
- foreign body/self cell gets covered in PRR
- PRR can bind with Fc receptors on phagocytic cells, initiating phagocytosis
- this is called opsonisation
Opsonins are soluble pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that are able to identify foreign bodies to phagocytic cells and initiate opsonisation (ensure microbes and phagocytes do not repel each other allow binding between the 2). They bind to PAMPs on microorganisms. There are 3 families of opsonins. Which of the following is correct?
1 - Collectins, Ficolins, Pentraxins
2 - Ficolins, Pentraxins, Cytokines
3 - Collectins, Ficolins and Cytokines
4 - Collectins, Cytokines and TNF-a
1 - Collectins, Ficolins, Pentraxins
Pentraxins are one of the families of opsonins that are soluble pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that are able to identify foreign bodies to phagocytic cells and initiate opsonisation (ensure microbes and phagocytes do not repel each other allow binding between the 2). They bind to PAMPs on microorganisms. What is one well known example of a pentraxins?
1 - creatine kinase
2 - C-reactive protein
3 - IL-6
4 - RF
2 - C-reactive protein
Pentraxins are one of the families of opsonins that are soluble pattern recognition receptors (PRRs) that are able to identify foreign bodies to phagocytic cells and initiate opsonisation (ensure microbes and phagocytes do not repel each other allow binding between the 2). They bind to PAMPs on microorganisms. C-reactive protein is a key example of a pentraxins, which are produced by the liver and released in acute inflammation, signalled by IL-6. What part of an anti-body and cell receptors do pentraxins bind with?
1 - Fab region
2 - antigen binding site
3 - Fc region
4 - hinge region
3 - Fc region
- able to bind with both Fc receptors on phagocytic cells and antibodies
- important as this is not antibody dependent as adaptive immunity can be slow to respond
What is the complement system?
- part of innate immune system
- complements (enhances) the ability of antibodies and phagocytosis
The complement system is generally part of innate immune system that complements (enhances) the ability of antibodies and phagocytosis. There are 3 pathways by which this system can function. What are these pathways?
1 - B cell mediated, T cell mediated, classical pathway
2 - alternative pathway, classical pathway, T cell mediated
3 - lectin pathway, classical pathway, B cell mediated
4 - alternative pathway, lectin pathway, classical pathway
4 - alternative pathway, lectin pathway, classical pathway
The complement system is generally part of innate immune system that complements (enhances) the ability of antibodies and phagocytosis. There are 3 pathways by which this system can function.
1 - classical pathway
2 - alternative pathway
3 - lectin pathway
Although these 3 different pathways start in the same way, they all eventually function to achieve the same thing, which is what?
- create a membrane attack complex
- creates a hole in the cell membrane and causing cell death
In the classical and lectin binding pathways of the compliment system, the same 2 proteins come together to form C3 convertase. What 2 proteins facilitate this in this pathway?
1 - C4 (C4b) and C2 (C2a)
2 - C5 and C2 (C2b)
3 - C4 (C4b) and C5
4 - C6 and C2 (C2b)
1 - C4 (C4b) and C2 (C2a)
- C3 convertase = C4bC2a
In the classical and lectin binding pathways of the compliment system, the same 2 proteins come together to form C3 convertase, C4 (C4b) and C2 (C2a). What then binds to C3 convertase and what is created by C3 convertase?
1 - C3 binds creating C3a and C3b
2 - C5 binds creating C5a and C5b
3 - C6 binds creating C6a and C6b
4 - C2 binds creating C2a and C2b
- C3 binds to C3 convertase
- C3 is cleaved into C3a and C3b
In the classical and lectin binding pathways of the compliment system, the same 2 proteins come together to form C3 convertase, C4 (C4b) and C2 (C2a). C3 then binds with C3 convertase creating C3a and C3b. What is the function of C3a?
1 - binds to PAMP
2 - part of membrane attack complex
3 - binds C5
4 - acts as a chemokine recruiting immune cells
4 - acts as a chemokine recruiting immune cells
- recruit monocytes, neutorphils, macrophages and eosinophils to site
In the classical and lectin binding pathways of the compliment system, the same 2 proteins come together to form C3 convertase, C4 (C4b) and C2 (C2a). C3 then binds with C3 convertase creating C3a and C3b. What is the function of C3b?
1 - acts as a opsonin
2 - part of membrane attack complex
3 - binds C5
4 - acts as a chemokine recruiting immune cells
1 - acts as a opsonin
- binds to microbes allowing phagocytes to bind and phagocytose them
In the classical and lectin binding pathways of the compliment system, the same 2 proteins come together to form C3 convertase, C4 (C4b) and C2 (C2a). C3 then binds with C3 convertase creating C3a and C3b. C3a acts as a chemokine recruiting other immune cells and C3b is able to act as an opsonin, facilitating phagocytosis. However some C3b is then able to bind with the C4bC2b complex (C3 convertase). What does this create?
1 - creates an opsonin
2 - membrane attack complex
3 - super C3 convertase
4 - C5 convertase
4 - C5 convertase
In the classical and lectin binding pathways of the compliment system, the same 2 proteins come together to form C3 convertase, C4 (C4b) and C2 (C2a). C3 then binds with C3 convertase creating C3a (chemokine) and C3b (opsonin and component of C5 convertase). Some of this C3b is then able to bind with the C4b and C2b, creating C5 convertase. What then binds with C5 convertase and what does this create?
1 - C5 creating C5a and C5b
2 - membrane attack complex
3 - super C3 convertase
4 - C5 creating C5c and C5d
1 - C5 creating C5a and C5b
- binds with C5
- C5 is cleaved into C5a and C5b
In the classical and lectin binding pathways of the compliment system, the same 2 proteins come together to form C3 convertase, C4 (C4b) and C2 (C2a). C3 then binds with C3 convertase creating C3a (chemokine) and C3b (opsonin and component of C5 convertase). Some of this C3b is then able to bind with the C4b and C2b, creating C5 convertase. C5 then binds with C5 convertase where it is cleaved into C5a and C5b. What is the function of C5a?
1 - opsonins
2 - forms mini membrane attack complex
3 - forms super C5 convertase
4 - acts as a chemokine
4 - acts as a chemokine (same as C3a)
- recruit monocytes, neutorphils, macrophages and eosinophils to site
In the classical and lectin binding pathways of the compliment system, the same 2 proteins come together to form C3 convertase, C4 (C4b) and C2 (C2a). C3 then binds with C3 convertase creating C3a (chemokine) and C3b (opsonin and component of C5 convertase). Some of this C3b is then able to bind with the C4b and C2b, creating C5 convertase. C5 then binds with C5 convertase where it is cleaved into C5a and C5b. C5b is then able to bind with which 3 other complimentary proteins and what does this complex then do?
1 - C4, C6 and C8
2 - C4, C7 and C9
3 - C7, C8 and C9
4 - C6, C7 and C8
4 - C6, C7 and C8
- creates membrane attack complex (MAC)
- MAC begins penetrating the microbes membrane
IIn the classical and lectin binding pathways of the compliment system, the same 2 proteins come together to form C3 convertase, C4 (C4b) and C2 (C2a). C3 then binds with C3 convertase creating C3a (chemokine) and C3b (opsonin and component of C5 convertase). Some of this C3b is then able to bind with the C4b and C2b, creating C5 convertase. C5 then binds with C5 convertase where it is cleaved into C5a and C5b. C5b is then able to bind with which C6, C7 and C8, creating the membrane attack complex (MAC) that can begin penetrating the microbes membrane. Which additional complementary protein then binds to this complex, creating a channel directly through the microbes membrane?
1 - C9
2 - C4
3 - C11
4 - C10
1 - C9
- larger number of C9 proteins creates a larger membrane attack complex
Which complementary proteins make up the membrane attack complex?
1 - C4, C5, C6, C7 and C8
2 - C5, C6, C7, C8 and C9
3 - C8, C5, C6, C7 and C10
4 -C10, C5, C6, C7 and C8
2 - C5, C6, C7, C8 and C9
The C1 molecules is what initiates the classical pathway of the complementary system. What are the 3 key parts of the C1 protein labelled 1-3 in the image below. Label them number parts using the labels below:
C1q
C1r
C1s
1 = C1s 2 = C1r 3 = C1q (6 of these in total)
The C1 molecules is what initiates the classical pathway of the complementary system. The 3 key parts of the C1 protein are C1q (6 of these), C1r and C1s. The C1q parts of the C1 protein are able to bind with what that initiates the complementary pathway?
1 - Hinge region of antibody bound to antigen
2 - Fab portion of antibody bound to antigen
3 - Fc portion of antibody bound to antigen
4 - phagocytes
3 - Fc portion of antibody or PRRs bound to antigen
- needs a minimum of 2 of these be activated
- can also bind to CRP which may be bound to an antigen
The C1 molecules is what initiates the classical pathway of the complementary system. The 3 key parts of the C1 protein are C1q (6 of these), C1r and C1s. The C1q parts of the C1 protein are able to bind with the Fc portion of antibody bound to antigen that initiates the complementary pathway. What are the C1r and C1s aspects of the C1 protein?
1 - serine proteases
2 - arginine proteases
3 - C1 inhibitors
4 - PRRs
1 - serine proteases (cleave peptide bonds in proteins)
- hidden until conformational change of the C1 protein
The C1 molecules is what initiates the classical pathway of the complementary system. The 3 key parts of the C1 protein are C1q (6 of these), C1r and C1s. The C1q parts of the C1 protein are able to bind with the Fc portion of antibodies or PRR bound to antigen that initiates the complementary pathway. C1r and C1s aspects of the C1 are serine proteases (cleave peptide bonds in proteins) that are hidden until conformational change of the C1 protein. What must occur for C1 to activate and undergo a conformational change and thus expose the C1r and C1s?
1 - bind with C2 complex
2 - binds with another C1 complex
3 - bind with at least 2 antibodies or PRRs bound to antigens
4 - bind with a phagocyte
3 - bind with at least 2 antibodies or PRRs bound to antigens
Once C1q part of the C1 protein has bound to at least 2 Fc regions of the antibody bound to the antigen there is a conformation change, exposing C1r and C1s. What then happens to C1r and C1s?
1 - C1r binds with C2
2 - C1s and C1r bind with other antigens
3 - C1r is able to cleave C1s
4 - C1s binds C2
3 - C1r is able to cleave C1s
- the C1 molecule is now active and can begin the complementary pathway by cleaving C4 into C4a and C4b
- C4b can then bind to the pathogen and the complimentary system begins
Although the lectin pathway ultimately has the same final goal of creating a membrane attack complex, it is activated in a different way. How is this pathway activated?
1 - requires a collectin to bind with mannose sugar on PAMPs
2 - requires pentraxins to bind with mannose sugar on PAMPs
3 - requires a ficolins to bind with mannose sugar on PAMPs
4 - requires a TLRs to bind with mannose sugar on PAMPs
1 - requires a collectin to bind with mannose sugar on PAMPs
- mannose binding lectin (MBL) protein, a collectin (collagen and lectin) is a soluble opsonin
- MBL binds with mannose a sugar on many microorganisms
- once bound MBL is able to cleave C4 and C2 creating C3 convertase (C4bC2a)
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are a class of pattern recognition receptors (PRRs). They are composed of a toll interleukin receptor (TIL) that is intercellular and a leucine rich extracellular domain. Are TLRs located just on the cells plasma membrane?
- no
- can be extracellular on cells plasma membrane
- can be intracellular on endsomes (organelles of a cell)
Toll like receptors able unable to function independently. Instead they need to undergo dimerisation where 2 are joined together. Once this has occurred what adaptor protein binds with the toll like receptor dimer intracellularly?
1 - NF-KB
2 - lysozomes
3 - MyD88
4 - cAMP
3 - MyD88
What is the overall function of toll like receptors?
- initiate intracellular pathway
- up-regulate transcription factors
- up-regulates gene expression: antimicrobials, pro-inflammatory cytokines, chemokines, interferons
IL-1 is an important pro-inflammatory cytokine. How is IL-1 activated once the protein has been created within the nucleus?
- inflammasome containing NLR P3 and caspase 1 is present within the cytoplasm is assembled when a microorganism enters the cell
- inflammasome activates caspase 1
- caspace 1 activates pro-IL-1, generating IL-1B
- IL-1B is important in an acute inflammatory response
What are opsonins?
- extracellular proteins also called pattern recognition receptors
- bind with pathogen associate molecular patterns (antigens)
- allow phagocytes to phagocytose foreign bodies
Collectins are a form of opsonin, a pattern recognition receptor. Why are they called collectins?
1 - collect PAMPs
2 - collect other PRRs
3 - contain a collagen and lectin (sugar) in their structure
4 - contain a collagen and ficolin in their structure
3 - contain a collagen and lectin (sugar) in their structure
- manose binding lectin (MBL) is a key example of this in the image
- MBL can initiate the complementary cascade through the lectin pathway
