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Year 2 MIS > Principles of Joint Articulation > Flashcards

Principles of Joint Articulation Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 classifications of joints?

A

1 - Synovial joints
2 - Fibrous
3 - Cartilaginous

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2
Q

Articulation can be defined as the joining of something. What are the 3 types of articulation present in the body?

A

1 - bone to bone
2 - bone and cartilage
3 - bone and teeth

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3
Q

What are the 3 functional classes joints can be categorised into, which is basically based on the presence or lack of synovial fluid or fibrous tissue present

A

1 - Synarthroses (fibrous)
2 - Amphiarthroses (cartilagenous)
3 - Diarthroses (synovial)

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4
Q

What is a joint that is classified as a synarthroses joint?

1 - greek for joint and being together with no movement
2 - greek for joint and being freely moveable
3 - greek for joint and being partially moveable
4 - greek for joint and being fixed and freely moveable

A

1 - greek for joint and being together with no movement

  • a fixed joint allowing no movement under normal conditions
  • cranium for example
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5
Q

What is a joint that is classified as a amphiarthroses joint?

1 - greek for joint and being together with no movement
2 - greek for joint and being freely moveable
3 - greek for joint and being partially moveable
4 - greek for joint and being fixed and freely moveable

A

3 - greek for joint and being partially moveable

- pubic symphysis

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6
Q

What is a joint that is classified as a diarthroses joint?

1 - greek for joint and being together with no movement
2 - greek for joint and being freely moveable
3 - greek for joint and being partially moveable
4 - greek for joint and being fixed and freely moveable

A

2 - greek for joint and being freely moveable

- knee and hip

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7
Q

What is the Bradford Hill Criteria?

A
  • criteria used to identify causality
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8
Q

There are 3 types of fibrous joints, what are these?

1 - suture, syndesmosis, pubic symphysis
2 - interosseous membrane, syndesmosis, pubic symphysis
3 - interosseous membrane, suture, pubic symphysis
4 - suture, syndesmosis, interosseous membrane

A

4 - suture, syndesmosis, interosseous membrane

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9
Q

A suture joint is a form of fibrous (Synarthrosis) joint. What holds these types of joints together and what is a good example for this?

A
  • thick dense fibrous sheet of connective tissue called interosseous membrane
  • cranial bones
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10
Q

A syndesmosis joint is a form of fibrous joint. What holds these types of joints together and what is a good example for this?

A
  • wider gap than a suture and contains more connective tissue than a suture
  • connective tissue typically arranged into bundles (ligament)
  • anterior tibiofibular ligament (connects tibia and fibula) or tooth socket
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11
Q

A syndesmosis joint is a form of fibrous joint. This joint has a wider gap than a suture and contains more connective tissue than a suture joint. It is typically connective tissue typically arranged into bundles (ligament), such as the anterior tibiofibular ligament (connects tibia and fibula) and tooth sockets. Which functional class would this type of joint be included in?

1 - synarthroses (no movement)
2 - amphiarthroses (little movement)
3 - diarthroses (freely moveable)

A

2 - amphiarthroses (little movement)

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12
Q

A Interosseous joint is a form of fibrous joint. What holds these types of joints together and what is a good example for this?

A
  • a sheet of dense connective tissue binding adjacent long bones
  • amphiarthrosis in function (allows slight movement)
  • radius and ulna in forearm, and tibia and fibula in the leg are examples
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13
Q

What is a cartilagenous joint?

A
  • a joint with no synovial cavity

- joints are held together by a fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage

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14
Q

Cartilagenous joints are joints with no synovial cavity that are held together by a fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage. What is the difference between fibrocartilage and hyaline cartilage?

A
  • fibrocartilage = stiff and contains many collagen fibres

- hyaline cartilage = soft cartilage that contains fewer collagen fibres

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15
Q

Cartilagenous joints are joints with no synovial cavity that are held together by a fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage. Which functional class would this type of joint be included in?

1 - synarthroses (no movement)
2 - amphiarthroses (little movement)
3 - diarthroses (freely moveable)

A

1 - synarthroses (no movement)

2 - amphiarthroses (little movement)

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16
Q

Cartilagenous joints are joints with no synovial cavity that are held together by a fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage. There are 2 types of cartilagenous joints, which of the following is correct?

1 - synchondrosis and symphysis
2 - synchondrosis and suture
3 - symphysis and suture
4 - symphysis and syndesmosis

A

1 - synchondrosis and symphysis

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17
Q

What is synostosis?

A
  • union of two or more separate bones to form a single bone
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18
Q

Cartilagenous joints are joints with no synovial cavity that are held together by a fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage. There are 2 types of cartilagenous joints, synchondrosis and symphysis. What is a synchondrosis joint and give one example?

A
  • the connective tissue is hyaline cartilage
  • example would be the epiphyseal plate (growth plate) that fuse bone during growth
  • no movement so would be a synarthrosis as a functional class
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19
Q

Cartilagenous joints are joints with no synovial cavity that are held together by a fibrocartilage or hyaline cartilage. There are 2 types of cartilagenous joints, synchondrosis and symphysis. What is a symphysis joint and give one example?

A
  • the connective tissue is fibrocartilage
  • adjacent bones are lined with hyaline cartilage, but with a broad disc of fibrocartilage that connects the bones
  • functionally classed as an amphiarthrosis joint allowing some movement
  • all symphysis occur in the midline of the body: manubrium and sternum, intervertebral discs and pubic symphysis
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20
Q

What is a synovial joint?

A
  • joint that contains synovial cavity between articulating bones
  • freely moveable so functionally classified as diarthrosis
  • layer of hyaline cartilage is called articular cartilage
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21
Q

Where can the hyaline cartilage called articular cartilage be found in joints?

A
  • lines the end of bones
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22
Q

Hyaline cartilage located at the ends of bones is called articular cartilage and can be found covering the end of bones in synovial Joints. Does the hyaline cartilage have a blood and nerve supply?

A
  • avascular = little or no blood vessels

- aneural = no nerve supply

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23
Q

Hyaline cartilage located at the ends of bones is called articular cartilage and can be found covering the end of bones in synovial Joints. What is articular cartilage composed of?

A
  • collagen (types I and II)

- proteoglycans are important for retaining H2O

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24
Q

Articular cartilage is covered in lubricin. What is lubrican?

A
  • surface-active mucinous glycoprotein secreted in the synovial joint
  • important role in cartilage integrity providing boundary lubrication and preventing cell and protein adhesion
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25
Q

Synovial Joints have how many layers?

1 - 1
2 - 2
3 - 3
4 - 4

A
  • 2
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26
Q

Label the layers of the articular cartilage that are present using the labels below:

calcified cartilage (fibres become columnar)
intermediate cartilage (fibres become vertical)
deep cartilage (fibres become vertical)
superficial zone (fibres are horizontal to resist sheering forces and contain lubricin)
A

1 - superficial zone (fibres are horizontal to resist sheering forces and contain lubricin)
2 - intermediate cartilage (fibres become vertical)
3 - deep cartilage (fibres become vertical)
4 - calcified cartilage (fibres become columnar)

27
Q

Synovial Joints contain and articular capsule. This articular capsule is important and encapsulates the whole joint. The joint contains synovial fluid and has 2 layers. What are these 2 layers called?

A

1 - synovial membrane (inner layer)

2 - joint capsule (outer layer)

28
Q

Synovial Joints contain and articular capsule. This articular capsule is important and encapsulates the whole joint. The joint contains synovial fluid and has 2 layers called:

1 - synovial membrane (inner layer)
2 - joint capsule (outer layer)

What part of the bone is the joint capsule a continuation of?

1 - periosteum
2 - epimysium
3 - endosteum
4 - perimysium

A

1 - periosteum

29
Q

Synovial Joints contain and articular capsule. This articular capsule is important and encapsulates the whole joint. The joint contains synovial fluid and has 2 layers called:

1 - synovial membrane (inner layer)
2 - joint capsule (outer layer)

The joint capsule a continuation of the periosteum of the bone. What is this joint capsule composed of and why?

A
  • fibres arranged as bundles providing high tensile strength with flexibility
30
Q

Synovial Joints Structure Articular Capsule contain synovial fluid and have 2 layers. These 2 layers are called

1 - synovial membrane (inner layer)
2 - joint capsule (outer layer)

What is the synovial membrane composed of?

A
  • areolar connective tissue rich in elastic fibres

- occasionally contains structural articular fat pads

31
Q

What part of the synovial joint secretes synovial fluid?

1 - bone
2 - joint capsule
3 - synovial membrane
4 - hyaline cartilage

A

3 - synovial membrane

32
Q

Synovial joint secretes synovial fluid from the synovial membrane. What is contained within synovial fluid?

1 - WBCs
2 - hyaluronic acid
3 - RBCs
4 - interstitial fluid

A

2 - hyaluronic acid

- secreted by fibroblast-like cells, and interstitial fluid from blood plasma

33
Q

What are some of the basic functions of synovial fluid?

A
  • lubrication
  • shock-absorbing properties
  • supplies nutrition and removes waste products from the avascular articular cartilage
  • phagocytes remove microbes and debris
34
Q

In the synovial joints there are 2 types of accessory ligaments that are fibres arranged in parallel bundles of dense regular connective tissue that are highly adapted for resisting strains to prevent extreme movements, providing joint stability and reducing the risk of damage to the articulation. There are 2 classifications of accessory ligaments, what are they and give one example?

1 - intracapsular and collateral ligaments
2 - intracapsular and supportive ligaments
3 - extracapsular and collateral ligaments
4 - extracapsular and intracapsular ligaments

A

4 - extracapsular and intracapsular ligaments

  • intracapsular ligaments lie within the joint capsule
    • Excluded from synovial fluid by folds in synovial membrane
    • e.g. anterior and posterior cruciate ligaments of the knee
  • extracapsular ligaments lie outside the joint capsule
    • e.g. fibular and tibial collateral ligaments of the knee
35
Q

What is the articular discs?

A
  • fibrocartilage pads lie between articular cartilage

- contained within some synovial joints

36
Q

Articular discs are fibrocartilage pads located between the articular cartilage. What are these more commonly called and what is their purpose?

A
  • menisci or articular discs
  • maintain joint stability and direct flow of synovial fluid
  • commonly torn in athletes
37
Q

Synovial joints contain bursae. What are these and what is their function?

A
  • fluid filled sacks, similar to synovial membranes

- reduce friction and cushion pressure points between your bones and the tendons, muscles and skin near your joints

38
Q

Synovial joints contain tendon sheaths. What are these and what is their function?

A
  • specialised membranes wrapped around tendons that secrete lubricin
  • especially present where tendons come together and/or pass through a synovial joint capsule
  • composed of collagen
39
Q

What are the 5 synovial joints we need to be aware of?

A 
1 - ball and socket
2 - planar
3 - hinge
4 - condyloid
5 - pivot
40
Q

Planar joints are a form of synovial joints. What type of surface to surface contact is present here?

A
  • flat or sligthy curved
41
Q

Planar joints are a form of synovial joints that generally have a flat or slightly curved surface. What movements do they allow and what is an example of a planar joint?

A
  • forward and backwards
  • side to side
  • intercarpal (wrist) and intercarpal joints
42
Q

Hinge joints are a form of synovial joints. How do the bones meet here to form the joint? (joint surface type)

A
  • concave surface of one bone fits the convex surface of another
43
Q

Hinge joints are a form of synovial joints. These joints form through a concave surface of one bone fitting into the convex surface of another. What movement does this joint allow and give one example?

A
  • single axis so flexion and extension

- elbow and knee

44
Q

Pivot joints are a form of synovial joints. How do the bones meet here to form the joint? (joint surface type)

A
  • rounded or pointed surface of one bone pivots inside a ring formed by the other bone and a ligament
45
Q

Pivot joints are a form of synovial joints, where a rounded or pointed surface of one bone pivots inside a ring formed by the other bone and a ligament. What planes of movement does this allow and given an example?

A
  • rotation

- radioulnar and atlanto-axial joints

46
Q

Condyloid joints are a form of synovial joints. How do the bones meet here to form the joint? (joint surface type)

A
  • convex oval projection of one bone fit into the oval depression of the other
47
Q

Condyloid joints are a form of synovial joints that is formed by a convex oval projection of one bone fit into the oval depression of the other. What plane of movement does this allow and give one example?

A
  • permits movement around two axis (biaxial; flexion and extension, and abduction and adduction)
  • wrist joint and metacarpophalangeal joints
48
Q

Saddle joints are a form of synovial joints. How do the bones meet here to form the joint? (joint surface type)

A
  • one bone fits into the saddle shaped bone it opposes

- form of modified condyloid joint

49
Q

Saddle joints are a form of synovial joints, where one bone fits into the saddle shaped bone it opposes, and is a form of modified condyloid joint. What planes of movement does this joint allow and give one example?

A
  • permits movement around two axis (biaxial; flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, (sometimes limited rotation))
  • carpometacarpal joint (thumb)
50
Q

Ball and socket joints are a form of synovial joints. How do the bones meet here to form the joint? (joint surface type)

A
  • ball-like surface of one bone fits into the cup-like depression of the other
51
Q

Ball and socket joints are a form of synovial joints, formed by a ball-like surface of one bone fits into the cup-like depression of the other. What planes of movement do they allow and give one example?

A
  • triaxial movement around three planes (triaxial; flexion and extension, abduction and adduction, and rotation)
  • shoulder and hip joint
52
Q

The glenohumeral joint is a ball and socket joint. What bones form this joint?

A
  • humeral head and glenoid fossa of the scapula

- considered the most mobile joint in the body

53
Q

The glenohumeral joint is a ball and socket joint formed by the humeral head and glenoid fossa of the scapula and is considered the most mobile joint in the body. What is the key ligament that provides stability to this joint?

1 - superior transverse ligament
2 - transversal humerul ligament
3 - conoid ligament
4 - acromioclavicual ligament

A

2 - transversal humerul ligament

54
Q

Label the 3 key ligaments that help stabilise the glenohumeral joint using the labels below:

  • Inferior Glenohumeral Ligament
  • Superior Glenohumeral Ligament
  • Middle Glenohumeral Ligament
A

1 - Superior Glenohumeral Ligament
2 - Middle Glenohumeral Ligament
3 - Inferior Glenohumeral Ligament

55
Q

What bones form the acromioclavicular joint?

A
  • clavicle and acromion process of scapula

- attaches the scapula to clavicle, serving to maintain articulation that suspends the upper extremity of the trunk

56
Q

The acromioclavicular joint is formed by the junction of the lateral clavicle and the acromion process of the scapula. It attaches the scapula to the clavicle, serving to maintain articulation that suspends the upper extremity of the trunk. What are the 3 primary functions of this joint?

A

1 - Increase range of motion of the scapula on the thorax
2 - Adjustment of the scapula (internal/external rotation)
3 - Force transmission from upper extremity to the clavicle-

57
Q

The acromioclavicular joint is formed by the junction of the lateral clavicle and the acromion process of the scapula. It attaches the scapula to the clavicle, serving to maintain articulation that suspends the upper extremity of the trunk. Label the 4 ligaments that stabilise the joint in the image below using the label here:

  • acromioclavicular ligament
  • conoid ligament
  • trapezoid ligament
  • coracoacromil ligament
A

1 - conoid ligament
2 - trapezoid ligament
3 - acromioclavicular ligament
4 - coracoacromil ligament

58
Q

What bones come together to form the sternoclavicular joint?

A
  • manubrium of the sternum and medial aspect of the clavicle
59
Q

Which joint is said to be only true articulation connecting the upper limb to the axial skeleton, and that it’s the least constricted joint in the human body?

1 - sternoclavicular joint
2 - acromioclavicular joint
3 - glenohumeral joint
4 - radialhumeral joint

A

1 - sternoclavicular joint

60
Q

Label the 4 joints that make up the shoulder joint using the labels below:

  • acromioclavicular joint
  • sternoclavicular joint
  • glenohumeral joint
  • scapulothoracic joint
A

1 - sternoclavicular joint
2 - scapulothoracic joint
3 - acromioclavicular joint
4 - glenohumeral joint

61
Q

The manubrium of the sternum and medial aspect of the clavicle bones come together to form the sternoclavicular joint. This joint is split into 2 compartments by what?

A
  • inter-articulating fibrocartilage
62
Q

The manubrium of the sternum and medial aspect of the clavicle bones come together to form the sternoclavicular joint. This joint is split into 2 compartments by inter-articulating fibrocartilage. What are the 2 compartments of this joint?

A
  • 1st compartment = between the manubrium and the inter-articulating fibrocartilage
  • 2nd compartment = between the inter-articulating fibrocartilage and the clavicle
63
Q

The manubrium of the sternum and medial aspect of the clavicle bones come together to form the sternoclavicular joint. This joint is stabilised by 3 key ligaments, label them using the labels below:

  • Sternoclavicular ligaments (anterior and posterior)
  • Interclavicular ligament
  • Costoclavicular ligament
A

1 - Interclavicular ligament (connects 2 clavicles)
2 - Sternoclavicular ligaments (anterior and posterior)
3 - Costoclavicular ligament

Year 2 MIS (48 decks)

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