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BIO 251 > Vaccines > Flashcards

Vaccines Flashcards

1
Q

The only disease we have completely eradicated off the face of the planet is ____?

A

Small pox

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2
Q

The four types of acquired immunity

A

Natural active
Natural passive
Artificial active
Artificial passive

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3
Q

Natural active immunity

A

Like after getting sick, body creates antibodies

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4
Q

Natural passive immunity

A

Prenatal and post-natal mother child relationship (IgG antibodies through placenta)

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5
Q

Active artificial immunity

A

Vaccination

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6
Q

Active passive immunity

A

Preparation of antibodies can be given medically to immunocompromised patients

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7
Q

______ and _______ bacteria have killed more people than any other infectious diseases

A

Smallpox

Plague

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8
Q

IN the first half of the 1900s, smallpox was killing ______ people worldwide each year

A

4 million

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9
Q

In 1958, what did the Soviet Union do to address smallpox?

A

Proposed the global eradication of smallpox by using a concentrated vaccination program

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10
Q

Why could smallpox be eradicated?

A

It only infects humans

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11
Q

The smallpox eradication program started in _____ and the last case was in _____

A

Late 1960s

1977

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12
Q

What percent of people needs to be vaccinated for eradication?

A

90%

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13
Q

We are getting very close to eradicating _______ and _______

A

Measles

Polio

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14
Q

What do vaccines do?

A

Safely elicit an adaptive (T cell and B cell) immune response to pathogenic microbes

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15
Q

In vaccine’s process, they stimulate..

A

High-affinity antibodies
Class switching of antibodies (IgG, IgA)
Memory T cells and B cells

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16
Q

What are the two types of vaccines?

A

Inactivated (all bacteria and some viruses)

Attenuated-live (some viruses)

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17
Q

Two types of attenuation

A
  • Use of a similar virus that is non-pathogenic

- Serial passage of pathogenic cell virus in cell culture or embryonate eggs

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18
Q

Use of a similar virus that is non-pathogenic relies on…

A

Cross-reactive immunity

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19
Q

Serial passage of pathogenic cell virus in cell culture or embryonate eggs

A

Since cells and eggs have no immune system, mutant viruses arise that lose virulence (like a serial dilution)

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20
Q

Most attenuated vaccines are for…

A

Viruses

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21
Q

Bacterial attenuated vaccines are..

A

Anthrax and tuberculosis

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22
Q

Inactivation (types)

A

Formalin (37% formaldehyde)

B-Propiolactone (BPL)

23
Q

Formalin

A

Cross-links proteins and nucleic acids, used for toxoid (inactivated toxin) vaccines

24
Q

Example of a toxoid vaccine

25
B-propiolactone (BPL)
Nucleic acid mutagen, breaks down rapidly
26
After 24 hours, what happens with BPL?
Virtually none exists in a vaccine preparation
27
Inactivated vaccines require...
An adjuvant (e.g. aluminum hydroxide) to stimulate the innate immune response
28
Inactivated vaccines: Whole-agent
Entire microbe is in the vaccine (inactivated poliovirus)
29
Inactivated vaccines: Toxoid
No cells, just their toxins (tetanus)
30
Inactivated vaccines: Protein subunit
Only antigenic subunits (acellular pertussis, hepatitis B)
31
Inactivated vaccines: Polysaccharide conjugate vaccines
By conjugating (covalently linking) polysaccharide antigens to proteins, the antigen becomes T-dependent
32
How is Streptococcus pneumoniae conjugated with Haemophilus influenzae?
Haemophilus influenzae has a thick capsule, conjugates proteins with polysaccharide to trick body to recognize capsule as foreign
33
Advantages of attenuation
``` Stronger antibody response Requires fewer boosters Longer memory Stimulates MHC I processing (cytotoxic T cells) More closely resembles natural infection ```
34
Disadvantages of attenuation
More expensive Perishable Pathogenic revertants Possible contamination with other viruses
35
Pathogenic revertants
Live virus can mutate to get its pathogenicity back
36
Advantages of inactivation
Less expensive Stable (room temp storage) No chance of infection Contaminating viruses will also be inactivated
37
Disadvantages of inactivation
``` Weaker antibody response Requires more boosters Shorter memory Does not stimulate MHC I processing (No Tc cells) Does not resemble natural infection ```
38
Prior to the use of routine immunization, _______ of children dies or were disabled by infectious diseases in the US
Thousands
39
Globally, measles still kills _____ people, mostly children, per year
700,000
40
By immunizing, the ____ of the disease and consequently the microbe decrease substantially
Incidence
41
For each infectious disease, a _____ _______ ________ ____ is needed to reduce the incidence of the disease to nearly zero
Target vaccine coverage rate
42
For measles, the target vaccine coverage rate is...
95%
43
The risk of vaccination is ___ ____, but the risk of not vaccinating is ___ _______
Not zero | Far greater
44
Large-scale population studies have shown that the incidence of autism spectrum disorders in vaccinated and unvaccinated populations is....
Virtually the same
45
Two examples to discredit the link between autism and vaccines
Genetic link to some ASD (X-linked) | Removal of Thimerosol has not decreased incidence of ASD
46
1972 Japan: mandatory vaccination at ___ _____ reduces the incidence of pertussis to fewer than ___ cases per year
3 months | 300
47
What happened when Japan changed the vaccination age to 2 years because two children dies shortly after vaccination?
More than 13,000 cases of pertussis (whooping cough) with 41 deaths
48
What happened after Japan returned to their previous vaccine schedule?
Within a few years the incidence returned to 1972 levels
49
Vaccines are often...
Victims of their own success
50
Titer
Measure of antigen-specific antibody
51
Antibodies are generated in response to...
Infection or vaccination
52
Detection of IgM indicates...
Recent infection
53
Detection of IgG indicates..
Recent or distant infection
54
Serology
The study of blood antibodies

BIO 251 (26 decks)

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