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BIO 251 > Vaccines > Flashcards

Vaccines Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

The only disease we have completely eradicated off the face of the planet is ____?

A

Small pox

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2
Q

The four types of acquired immunity

A

Natural active
Natural passive
Artificial active
Artificial passive

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3
Q

Natural active immunity

A

Like after getting sick, body creates antibodies

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4
Q

Natural passive immunity

A

Prenatal and post-natal mother child relationship (IgG antibodies through placenta)

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5
Q

Active artificial immunity

A

Vaccination

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6
Q

Active passive immunity

A

Preparation of antibodies can be given medically to immunocompromised patients

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7
Q

______ and _______ bacteria have killed more people than any other infectious diseases

A

Smallpox

Plague

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8
Q

IN the first half of the 1900s, smallpox was killing ______ people worldwide each year

A

4 million

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9
Q

In 1958, what did the Soviet Union do to address smallpox?

A

Proposed the global eradication of smallpox by using a concentrated vaccination program

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10
Q

Why could smallpox be eradicated?

A

It only infects humans

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11
Q

The smallpox eradication program started in _____ and the last case was in _____

A

Late 1960s

1977

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12
Q

What percent of people needs to be vaccinated for eradication?

A

90%

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13
Q

We are getting very close to eradicating _______ and _______

A

Measles

Polio

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14
Q

What do vaccines do?

A

Safely elicit an adaptive (T cell and B cell) immune response to pathogenic microbes

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15
Q

In vaccine’s process, they stimulate..

A

High-affinity antibodies
Class switching of antibodies (IgG, IgA)
Memory T cells and B cells

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16
Q

What are the two types of vaccines?

A

Inactivated (all bacteria and some viruses)

Attenuated-live (some viruses)

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17
Q

Two types of attenuation

A
  • Use of a similar virus that is non-pathogenic

- Serial passage of pathogenic cell virus in cell culture or embryonate eggs

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18
Q

Use of a similar virus that is non-pathogenic relies on…

A

Cross-reactive immunity

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19
Q

Serial passage of pathogenic cell virus in cell culture or embryonate eggs

A

Since cells and eggs have no immune system, mutant viruses arise that lose virulence (like a serial dilution)

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20
Q

Most attenuated vaccines are for…

A

Viruses

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21
Q

Bacterial attenuated vaccines are..

A

Anthrax and tuberculosis

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22
Q

Inactivation (types)

A

Formalin (37% formaldehyde)

B-Propiolactone (BPL)

23
Q

Formalin

A

Cross-links proteins and nucleic acids, used for toxoid (inactivated toxin) vaccines

24
Q

Example of a toxoid vaccine

A

Tetanus

25
Q

B-propiolactone (BPL)

A

Nucleic acid mutagen, breaks down rapidly

26
Q

After 24 hours, what happens with BPL?

A

Virtually none exists in a vaccine preparation

27
Q

Inactivated vaccines require…

A

An adjuvant (e.g. aluminum hydroxide) to stimulate the innate immune response

28
Q

Inactivated vaccines: Whole-agent

A

Entire microbe is in the vaccine (inactivated poliovirus)

29
Q

Inactivated vaccines: Toxoid

A

No cells, just their toxins (tetanus)

30
Q

Inactivated vaccines: Protein subunit

A

Only antigenic subunits (acellular pertussis, hepatitis B)

31
Q

Inactivated vaccines: Polysaccharide conjugate vaccines

A

By conjugating (covalently linking) polysaccharide antigens to proteins, the antigen becomes T-dependent

32
Q

How is Streptococcus pneumoniae conjugated with Haemophilus influenzae?

A

Haemophilus influenzae has a thick capsule, conjugates proteins with polysaccharide to trick body to recognize capsule as foreign

33
Q

Advantages of attenuation

A 
Stronger antibody response
Requires fewer boosters
Longer memory 
Stimulates MHC I processing (cytotoxic T cells)
More closely resembles natural infection
34
Q

Disadvantages of attenuation

A

More expensive
Perishable
Pathogenic revertants
Possible contamination with other viruses

35
Q

Pathogenic revertants

A

Live virus can mutate to get its pathogenicity back

36
Q

Advantages of inactivation

A

Less expensive
Stable (room temp storage)
No chance of infection
Contaminating viruses will also be inactivated

37
Q

Disadvantages of inactivation

A 
Weaker antibody response
Requires more boosters
Shorter memory
Does not stimulate MHC I processing (No Tc cells)
Does not resemble natural infection
38
Q

Prior to the use of routine immunization, _______ of children dies or were disabled by infectious diseases in the US

A

Thousands

39
Q

Globally, measles still kills _____ people, mostly children, per year

A

700,000

40
Q

By immunizing, the ____ of the disease and consequently the microbe decrease substantially

A

Incidence

41
Q

For each infectious disease, a _____ _______ ________ ____ is needed to reduce the incidence of the disease to nearly zero

A

Target vaccine coverage rate

42
Q

For measles, the target vaccine coverage rate is…

A

95%

43
Q

The risk of vaccination is ___ ____, but the risk of not vaccinating is ___ _______

A

Not zero

Far greater

44
Q

Large-scale population studies have shown that the incidence of autism spectrum disorders in vaccinated and unvaccinated populations is….

A

Virtually the same

45
Q

Two examples to discredit the link between autism and vaccines

A

Genetic link to some ASD (X-linked)

Removal of Thimerosol has not decreased incidence of ASD

46
Q

1972 Japan: mandatory vaccination at ___ _____ reduces the incidence of pertussis to fewer than ___ cases per year

A

3 months

300

47
Q

What happened when Japan changed the vaccination age to 2 years because two children dies shortly after vaccination?

A

More than 13,000 cases of pertussis (whooping cough) with 41 deaths

48
Q

What happened after Japan returned to their previous vaccine schedule?

A

Within a few years the incidence returned to 1972 levels

49
Q

Vaccines are often…

A

Victims of their own success

50
Q

Titer

A

Measure of antigen-specific antibody

51
Q

Antibodies are generated in response to…

A

Infection or vaccination

52
Q

Detection of IgM indicates…

A

Recent infection

53
Q

Detection of IgG indicates..

A

Recent or distant infection

54
Q

Serology

A

The study of blood antibodies

BIO 251 (26 decks)

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