Chapter 6: Microbial Nutrition and Growth

Question 1

All organisms require a source of elements such as:

Answer 1

CHONPS for bacteria.. other list on slide

Question 2

Essential nutrient

Answer 2

Any substance that must be provided to an organism

Question 3

Macronutrients

Answer 3

Required in relatively large quantities and play principle roles in cell structure and metabolism

Question 4

Macronutrients examples

Answer 4

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

Question 5

Micronutrients are also known as..

Answer 5

Trace elements

Question 6

Micronutrients

Answer 6

Present in much smaller amounts and are involved in enzyme function and maintenance of protein structure

Question 7

Micronutrients examples

Answer 7

Manganese, zinc, nickel

Question 8

Inorganic nutrient

Answer 8

An atom or simple molecule that contains a combination of atoms other than carbon and hydrogen

Question 9

Where are inorganic nutrients found?

Answer 9

In the crust of the earth, bodies of water and the atmosphere

Question 10

Organic nutrients

Answer 10

Contain carbon and hydrogen atoms and are products of living things

Question 11

Example of a simple organic molecule

Answer 11

Methane

Question 12

Example of organic, large polymers

Answer 12

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

Question 13

Microbes classifications based on carbon source

Answer 13

Heterotrophs

Autotrophs

Question 14

Heterotroph

Answer 14

An organism that must obtain its carbon in an organic form

Question 15

Autotroph

Answer 15

An organism that uses inorganic CO2 as its carbon source

Question 16

An autotroph has the capacity to convert CO2 into…

Answer 16

Organic compounds

Question 17

Are autotrophs nutritionally dependent on other living things?

Answer 17

No

Question 18

Phototrophs

Answer 18

Microbes that photosynthesize

Question 19

Chemotrophs

Answer 19

Microbes that gain energy from chemical compounds

Question 20

Examples of photoautotrophs

Answer 20

Photosynthetic organisms such as algae, plants cyanobacteria

Question 21

Examples of chemoautotrophs

Answer 21

Protozoa, fungi, many bacteria, animals

Question 22

Can environmental factors alter the function of metabolic enzymes?

Answer 22

Yes

Question 23

Survival in a changing environment us largely a matter of..

Answer 23

Whether the enzyme systems of microorganisms can adapt to alterations

Question 24

Environmental factors that influence microbes

Answer 24

• Temperature
• Gasses (CO2 and O2)
• pH
• Salt
• Pressure
• Radiation

Question 25

Capnophiles

Answer 25

Really like carbon dioxide

Question 26

Name the types of organisms from lowest to highest temperature that they thrive in

Answer 26

``` Psychrophile Psychrotroph Mesophile Thermophile Extreme thermophile ```

Question 27

Normal body temp is..

Answer 27

37 degrees celsius

Question 28

What organisms survive best in our body temperature?

Answer 28

Mesophiles

Question 29

Where are extreme thermophiles found?

Answer 29

In places like yellowstone or hot places in ocean

Question 30

What type of media is used to determine oxygen patterns in microbes?

Answer 30

Thioglycollate

Question 31

Obligate aerobes

Answer 31

Cannot do anything else except use oxygen to carry out metabolic processes

Question 32

Microaerophiles

Answer 32

Require a small amount of oxygen in metabolism, go farther down than obligate aerobes

Question 33

Facultative anaerobes

Answer 33

Do not require oxygen for metabolism, but use it when it is present

Question 34

Obligate anaerobes

Answer 34

Lack metabolic systems for using oxygen in respiration, will die in its presence

Question 35

Aerotolerant anaerobes

Answer 35

Do not like / utilize oxygen but are not killed by it

Question 36

Associations between organisms: two types

Answer 36

Symbiotic and non symbiotic

Question 37

Non symbiotic association

Answer 37

Organisms are free- living; relationships are not required for survival and can be positive or negative

Question 38

Two types of non symbiotic associations

Answer 38

Synergism | Antagonism

Question 39

Synergism

Answer 39

Members cooperate and share nutrients but is not necessary for survival

Question 40

Antagonism

Answer 40

Some members are inhibited or destroyed by others

Question 41

Symbiotic association

Answer 41

Organisms live in close relationships, REQUIRED by one or both members

Question 42

Three types of symbiotic associations

Answer 42

Mutualism Commensalism Parasitism

Question 43

Mutualism

Answer 43

Organisms live in a mutually obligatory but beneficial relationship

Question 44

Commensalism

Answer 44

The interaction is obligatory for one partner while its partner is neither harmed nor benefitted

Question 45

Commensal

Answer 45

"partner" who receives the benefits in a commensalism

Question 46

Parasitism

Answer 46

A relationship in which the host organism provides the parasitic microbe with nutrients and a habitat; parasite usually harms the host to some extent

Question 47

Which relationship is a majority of our body with microbes?

Answer 47

Commensalism

Question 48

What are some examples of synergism?

Answer 48

Gum disease, dental caries (cavities) and some bloodstream infections

Question 49

What are considered to be "The epitome of synergy"?

Answer 49

Biofilms

Question 50

What are biofilms?

Answer 50

Mixed communities of bacteria and other microbes that are attached to a surface and each other

Question 51

What do biofilms form?

Answer 51

A multilayer conglomerate of cells and intracellular material

Question 52

First step in formation of a biofilm

Answer 52

A "pioneer" colonizer initially attaches to a surface

Question 53

What happens after the pioneer colonizer attaches in biofilm formation?

Answer 53

Other microbes then attach to those bacteria or a polymeric sugar protein substance secreted by microbial colonizers

Question 54

What happens after other cells attach in biofilm formation?

Answer 54

Attached cells are stimulated to release chemicals as the cell population grows

Question 55

Quorum sensing

Answer 55

Microbial communication, used by bacteria to interact with members of the same species as well as members of other species that are close by

Question 56

Structure of biofilm

Answer 56

Large, complex communities form with different physical and biological characteristics

Question 57

Can the bottom of a biofilm have different pH and oxygen conditions than the surface?

Answer 57

Yes

Question 58

Can a biofilm be eradicated by traditional methods?

Answer 58

No

Question 59

Binary fission

Answer 59

Prokaryotic equivalent of mitosis, one cell becomes two

Question 60

Steps in binary fission

Answer 60

- Parent cell enlarges - Duplicates its chromosome (move to opposite sides of cell) - Protein band forms in center of cell - Starts to pull its envelope together to the center of the cell - Cell wall eventually forms a complete central septum

Question 61

When are cells considered to be divided?

Answer 61

When septum formation begins

Question 62

Septum formation is ______ first followed by formation of a ________

Answer 62

Envelope | Cell wall

Question 63

4 phases in growth curve in a bacterial culture

Answer 63

Lag phase Exponential growth phase Stationary phase Death phase

Question 64

Lag phase

Answer 64

Getting used to new environment, about 0-5 hours

Question 65

Exponential growth phase

Answer 65

Amount of bacteria shoots up, around hours 5-15

Question 66

Stationary phase

Answer 66

Starting to run low on nutrients, some microbes still going through binary fission but some are starting to die off, about hours 15-27

Question 67

Death phase

Answer 67

Begins when all nutrients and resources have been used up

Question 68

Turbidity

Answer 68

A clear nutrient solution becomes turbid or cloudy as microbes grow in it

Question 69

The greater the turbidity, the ______ the population size

Answer 69

Larger

Question 70

Direct cell count

Answer 70

Measured microscopically

Question 71

Coulter counter

Answer 71

Electronically scans a fluid as it passes through a tiny pipette

Question 72

Flow cytometer

Answer 72

Works similarly to a coulter counter, but can measure cell size and differentiate between live and dead cells