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BIO 251 > Chapter 6: Microbial Nutrition and Growth > Flashcards

Chapter 6: Microbial Nutrition and Growth Flashcards

1
Q

All organisms require a source of elements such as:

A

CHONPS for bacteria.. other list on slide

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2
Q

Essential nutrient

A

Any substance that must be provided to an organism

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3
Q

Macronutrients

A

Required in relatively large quantities and play principle roles in cell structure and metabolism

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4
Q

Macronutrients examples

A

Carbon, hydrogen, oxygen

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5
Q

Micronutrients are also known as..

A

Trace elements

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6
Q

Micronutrients

A

Present in much smaller amounts and are involved in enzyme function and maintenance of protein structure

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7
Q

Micronutrients examples

A

Manganese, zinc, nickel

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8
Q

Inorganic nutrient

A

An atom or simple molecule that contains a combination of atoms other than carbon and hydrogen

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9
Q

Where are inorganic nutrients found?

A

In the crust of the earth, bodies of water and the atmosphere

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10
Q

Organic nutrients

A

Contain carbon and hydrogen atoms and are products of living things

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11
Q

Example of a simple organic molecule

A

Methane

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12
Q

Example of organic, large polymers

A

Carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids

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13
Q

Microbes classifications based on carbon source

A

Heterotrophs

Autotrophs

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14
Q

Heterotroph

A

An organism that must obtain its carbon in an organic form

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15
Q

Autotroph

A

An organism that uses inorganic CO2 as its carbon source

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16
Q

An autotroph has the capacity to convert CO2 into…

A

Organic compounds

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17
Q

Are autotrophs nutritionally dependent on other living things?

A

No

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18
Q

Phototrophs

A

Microbes that photosynthesize

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19
Q

Chemotrophs

A

Microbes that gain energy from chemical compounds

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20
Q

Examples of photoautotrophs

A

Photosynthetic organisms such as algae, plants cyanobacteria

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21
Q

Examples of chemoautotrophs

A

Protozoa, fungi, many bacteria, animals

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22
Q

Can environmental factors alter the function of metabolic enzymes?

A

Yes

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23
Q

Survival in a changing environment us largely a matter of..

A

Whether the enzyme systems of microorganisms can adapt to alterations

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24
Q

Environmental factors that influence microbes

A
  • Temperature
  • Gasses (CO2 and O2)
  • pH
  • Salt
  • Pressure
  • Radiation
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25
Q

Capnophiles

A

Really like carbon dioxide

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26
Q

Name the types of organisms from lowest to highest temperature that they thrive in

A 
Psychrophile
Psychrotroph
Mesophile
Thermophile
Extreme thermophile
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27
Q

Normal body temp is..

A

37 degrees celsius

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28
Q

What organisms survive best in our body temperature?

A

Mesophiles

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29
Q

Where are extreme thermophiles found?

A

In places like yellowstone or hot places in ocean

30
Q

What type of media is used to determine oxygen patterns in microbes?

A

Thioglycollate

31
Q

Obligate aerobes

A

Cannot do anything else except use oxygen to carry out metabolic processes

32
Q

Microaerophiles

A

Require a small amount of oxygen in metabolism, go farther down than obligate aerobes

33
Q

Facultative anaerobes

A

Do not require oxygen for metabolism, but use it when it is present

34
Q

Obligate anaerobes

A

Lack metabolic systems for using oxygen in respiration, will die in its presence

35
Q

Aerotolerant anaerobes

A

Do not like / utilize oxygen but are not killed by it

36
Q

Associations between organisms: two types

A

Symbiotic and non symbiotic

37
Q

Non symbiotic association

A

Organisms are free- living; relationships are not required for survival and can be positive or negative

38
Q

Two types of non symbiotic associations

A

Synergism

Antagonism

39
Q

Synergism

A

Members cooperate and share nutrients but is not necessary for survival

40
Q

Antagonism

A

Some members are inhibited or destroyed by others

41
Q

Symbiotic association

A

Organisms live in close relationships, REQUIRED by one or both members

42
Q

Three types of symbiotic associations

A

Mutualism
Commensalism
Parasitism

43
Q

Mutualism

A

Organisms live in a mutually obligatory but beneficial relationship

44
Q

Commensalism

A

The interaction is obligatory for one partner while its partner is neither harmed nor benefitted

45
Q

Commensal

A

“partner” who receives the benefits in a commensalism

46
Q

Parasitism

A

A relationship in which the host organism provides the parasitic microbe with nutrients and a habitat; parasite usually harms the host to some extent

47
Q

Which relationship is a majority of our body with microbes?

A

Commensalism

48
Q

What are some examples of synergism?

A

Gum disease, dental caries (cavities) and some bloodstream infections

49
Q

What are considered to be “The epitome of synergy”?

50
Q

What are biofilms?

A

Mixed communities of bacteria and other microbes that are attached to a surface and each other

51
Q

What do biofilms form?

A

A multilayer conglomerate of cells and intracellular material

52
Q

First step in formation of a biofilm

A

A “pioneer” colonizer initially attaches to a surface

53
Q

What happens after the pioneer colonizer attaches in biofilm formation?

A

Other microbes then attach to those bacteria or a polymeric sugar protein substance secreted by microbial colonizers

54
Q

What happens after other cells attach in biofilm formation?

A

Attached cells are stimulated to release chemicals as the cell population grows

55
Q

Quorum sensing

A

Microbial communication, used by bacteria to interact with members of the same species as well as members of other species that are close by

56
Q

Structure of biofilm

A

Large, complex communities form with different physical and biological characteristics

57
Q

Can the bottom of a biofilm have different pH and oxygen conditions than the surface?

58
Q

Can a biofilm be eradicated by traditional methods?

59
Q

Binary fission

A

Prokaryotic equivalent of mitosis, one cell becomes two

60
Q

Steps in binary fission

A
  • Parent cell enlarges
  • Duplicates its chromosome (move to opposite sides of cell)
  • Protein band forms in center of cell
  • Starts to pull its envelope together to the center of the cell
  • Cell wall eventually forms a complete central septum
61
Q

When are cells considered to be divided?

A

When septum formation begins

62
Q

Septum formation is ______ first followed by formation of a ________

A

Envelope

Cell wall

63
Q

4 phases in growth curve in a bacterial culture

A

Lag phase
Exponential growth phase
Stationary phase
Death phase

64
Q

Lag phase

A

Getting used to new environment, about 0-5 hours

65
Q

Exponential growth phase

A

Amount of bacteria shoots up, around hours 5-15

66
Q

Stationary phase

A

Starting to run low on nutrients, some microbes still going through binary fission but some are starting to die off, about hours 15-27

67
Q

Death phase

A

Begins when all nutrients and resources have been used up

68
Q

Turbidity

A

A clear nutrient solution becomes turbid or cloudy as microbes grow in it

69
Q

The greater the turbidity, the ______ the population size

70
Q

Direct cell count

A

Measured microscopically

71
Q

Coulter counter

A

Electronically scans a fluid as it passes through a tiny pipette

72
Q

Flow cytometer

A

Works similarly to a coulter counter, but can measure cell size and differentiate between live and dead cells

BIO 251 (26 decks)

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