Prokaryotic Profiles: The Bacteria and Archaea Part 2

Question 1

Cell envelope

Answer 1

Lies outside of the cytoplasm

Composed of two OR three basic layers

Question 2

3 possible components of cell envelope

Answer 2

• Cell membrane
• Cell wall (peptidoglycan)
• Outer membrane

Question 3

Cell membrane is found in _____ instances

Answer 3

ALL

Question 4

Cell wall is found in ____ bacteria

Answer 4

Most

Question 5

Outer membrane is found in ______ bacteria

Answer 5

Some

Question 6

Peptidoglycan cell wall

Answer 6

Repeating framework of long glycan chains cross-linked by short peptide fragments

Question 7

Peptidoglycan cell walls are present in _____ bacteria

Answer 7

Most

Question 8

What does the peptidoglycan cell wall do?

Answer 8

Provides strength to resist rupturing due to osmotic pressure

Question 9

What do “-cillins” do?

Answer 9

Block the synthesis of a cell wall

Question 10

What color are gram positive bacteria?

Answer 10

Purple

Question 11

What color are gram negative bacteria

Answer 11

Red

Question 12

What is included in the cell envelope of a gram positive cell?

Answer 12

One membrane (cytoplasmic membrane)
Cell wall- thick peptidoglycan layer

Question 13

Do gram positive cells have an outer membrane?

Answer 13

No

Question 14

Are gram positive cells more or less complicated than gram negative cells?

Answer 14

Less

Question 15

What is included in the cell envelope of a gram negative cell?

Answer 15

Inner membrane (cytoplasmic membrane)
Cell wall
(thin layer of peptidoglycan)
Outer membrane
(Lipopolysaccharide)

Question 16

What is a common gram negative cell?

Answer 16

Staph cocci

Question 17

What is a common gram positive cell?

Answer 17

E colli

Question 18

Lipopolysaccharides are located in….

Answer 18

The outermost layer of the outer membrane in gram NEGATIVE bacteria

Question 19

Lipid A portion of lipopolysaccharides

Answer 19

An endotoxin, causes fever and shock

Question 20

Endotoxins are ____ of a lipolysaccharide’s structure

Answer 20

Part

not secreted, etc

Question 21

First step of gram staining

Answer 21

Crystal violet is added to cells in a smear

Question 22

What does crystal violet do?

Answer 22

It stains all cells the same purple color

Question 23

Step 2 of gram staining

Answer 23

Gram’s iodine is added

Question 24

What is Gram’s iodine?

Answer 24

A stabilizer that causes the dye to form large complexes in the peptidoglycan meshwork of the cell wall

Question 25

Which cells are more effected by Gram;s iodine?

Answer 25

The thicker gram-positive cell walls are able to more firmly trap the large complexes than those of gram negative cells.

Question 26

What is the third step in gram staining?

Answer 26

Application of alcohol

Question 27

What does the application of alcohol do?

Answer 27

Dissolves lipids in the outer membrane and removes the dye from the peptidoglycan layer- only in gram negative cells

Question 28

Fourth step of gram staining

Answer 28

Safranin (red dye) application

Question 29

What does safranin do?

Answer 29

Demonstrates the presence of gram negative bacteria by dying them red.

Question 30

What is acid-fast bacteria?

Answer 30

Neither gram positive or gram negative

Question 31

Acid fast bacteria have a cell wall most similar to....

Answer 31

Gram-positive

Question 32

Acid fast bacteria contain what in the cell wall?

Answer 32

Mycolic acid (a wax) in the cell wall

Question 33

What must you use to identify acid-fast bacteria?

Answer 33

The acid fast stain

Question 34

What are some important acid-fast bacteria?

Answer 34

Tuberculosis | Leprosy

Question 35

What makes acid-fast bacteria resistant to staining?

Answer 35

Mycolic acid

Question 36

What animals are carriers of leprosy?

Answer 36

Armadillos

Question 37

What is a protoplast?

Answer 37

A gram-positive cell that has had its cell wall (peptidoglycan) lost (mutation or chemical treatment)

Question 38

What is a spheroplast?

Answer 38

A gram-negative cell that has its cell wall (peptidoglycan) lost (mutation or chemical treatment)

Question 39

What is a cytoplasmic membrane?

Answer 39

A lipid bilayer with proteins embedded

Question 40

Bacterial cell membranes contain primarily phospholipids (__%–__% of the membrane mass) and proteins (__%–__% of the membrane mass)

Answer 40

30-40 | 60-70

Question 41

The cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria contains enzymes of ________ and ___ _________

Answer 41

Respiration | ATP synthesis

Question 42

Why do prokaryotes contain enzymes of ATP synthesis?

Answer 42

Because prokaryotes lack mitochondria

Question 43

What is a major action of the cell membrane?

Answer 43

To regulate the passage of nutrients into and out of the cell

Question 44

The cytoplasm of prokaryotes contains the DNA in the ____

Answer 44

Nucleoid

Question 45

Cytosol is ___-___% water

Answer 45

70-80

Question 46

What else is contained in the cytoplasm?

Answer 46

Soluble proteins, salts and carbohydrates

Question 47

The cytoplasm is the site for what?

Answer 47

Nearly all chemical reactions

Question 48

The DNA of most bacteria is..

Answer 48

Single circular bacterial chromosomes

Question 49

IN bacterial cells,, DNA is aggregated in a dense area called the..

Answer 49

Nucleoid

Question 50

Many bacteria contain other, extrachromosomal DNA called..

Answer 50

Plasmids

Question 51

Plasmids may contain..

Answer 51

Virulence factors (plasmids give bacteria things like antibiotic resistance)

Question 52

The size of a prokaryotic ribosome is ____ while the size of a eukaryotic ribosome is ___

Answer 52

70S | 80S

Question 53

What are the two subunits of a prokaryotic ribosome?

Answer 53

30S and 50S

Question 54

Prokaryotic ribosomes are 60%______ and 40%_____

Answer 54

rRNA | Protein

Question 55

What do prokaryotic ribosomes do?

Answer 55

Translate mRNA into proteins