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BIO 251 > Prokaryotic Profiles: The Bacteria and Archaea Part 2 > Flashcards

Prokaryotic Profiles: The Bacteria and Archaea Part 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Cell envelope

A

Lies outside of the cytoplasm

Composed of two OR three basic layers

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2
Q

3 possible components of cell envelope

A
  • Cell membrane
  • Cell wall (peptidoglycan)
  • Outer membrane
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3
Q

Cell membrane is found in _____ instances

A

ALL

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4
Q

Cell wall is found in ____ bacteria

A

Most

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5
Q

Outer membrane is found in ______ bacteria

A

Some

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6
Q

Peptidoglycan cell wall

A

Repeating framework of long glycan chains cross-linked by short peptide fragments

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7
Q

Peptidoglycan cell walls are present in _____ bacteria

A

Most

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8
Q

What does the peptidoglycan cell wall do?

A

Provides strength to resist rupturing due to osmotic pressure

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9
Q

What do “-cillins” do?

A

Block the synthesis of a cell wall

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10
Q

What color are gram positive bacteria?

A

Purple

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11
Q

What color are gram negative bacteria

A

Red

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12
Q

What is included in the cell envelope of a gram positive cell?

A 
One membrane (cytoplasmic membrane)
Cell wall- thick peptidoglycan layer
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13
Q

Do gram positive cells have an outer membrane?

A

No

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14
Q

Are gram positive cells more or less complicated than gram negative cells?

A

Less

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15
Q

What is included in the cell envelope of a gram negative cell?

A 
Inner membrane (cytoplasmic membrane)
Cell wall
(thin layer of peptidoglycan)
Outer membrane
(Lipopolysaccharide)
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16
Q

What is a common gram negative cell?

A

Staph cocci

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17
Q

What is a common gram positive cell?

A

E colli

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18
Q

Lipopolysaccharides are located in….

A

The outermost layer of the outer membrane in gram NEGATIVE bacteria

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19
Q

Lipid A portion of lipopolysaccharides

A

An endotoxin, causes fever and shock

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20
Q

Endotoxins are ____ of a lipolysaccharide’s structure

A

Part

not secreted, etc

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21
Q

First step of gram staining

A

Crystal violet is added to cells in a smear

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22
Q

What does crystal violet do?

A

It stains all cells the same purple color

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23
Q

Step 2 of gram staining

A

Gram’s iodine is added

24
Q

What is Gram’s iodine?

A

A stabilizer that causes the dye to form large complexes in the peptidoglycan meshwork of the cell wall

25
Q

Which cells are more effected by Gram;s iodine?

A

The thicker gram-positive cell walls are able to more firmly trap the large complexes than those of gram negative cells.

26
Q

What is the third step in gram staining?

A

Application of alcohol

27
Q

What does the application of alcohol do?

A

Dissolves lipids in the outer membrane and removes the dye from the peptidoglycan layer- only in gram negative cells

28
Q

Fourth step of gram staining

A

Safranin (red dye) application

29
Q

What does safranin do?

A

Demonstrates the presence of gram negative bacteria by dying them red.

30
Q

What is acid-fast bacteria?

A

Neither gram positive or gram negative

31
Q

Acid fast bacteria have a cell wall most similar to….

A

Gram-positive

32
Q

Acid fast bacteria contain what in the cell wall?

A

Mycolic acid (a wax) in the cell wall

33
Q

What must you use to identify acid-fast bacteria?

A

The acid fast stain

34
Q

What are some important acid-fast bacteria?

A

Tuberculosis

Leprosy

35
Q

What makes acid-fast bacteria resistant to staining?

A

Mycolic acid

36
Q

What animals are carriers of leprosy?

A

Armadillos

37
Q

What is a protoplast?

A

A gram-positive cell that has had its cell wall (peptidoglycan) lost (mutation or chemical treatment)

38
Q

What is a spheroplast?

A

A gram-negative cell that has its cell wall (peptidoglycan) lost (mutation or chemical treatment)

39
Q

What is a cytoplasmic membrane?

A

A lipid bilayer with proteins embedded

40
Q

Bacterial cell membranes contain primarily phospholipids (__%–__% of the membrane mass) and proteins (__%–__% of the membrane mass)

A

30-40

60-70

41
Q

The cytoplasmic membrane of bacteria contains enzymes of ________ and ___ _________

A

Respiration

ATP synthesis

42
Q

Why do prokaryotes contain enzymes of ATP synthesis?

A

Because prokaryotes lack mitochondria

43
Q

What is a major action of the cell membrane?

A

To regulate the passage of nutrients into and out of the cell

44
Q

The cytoplasm of prokaryotes contains the DNA in the ____

45
Q

Cytosol is ___-___% water

46
Q

What else is contained in the cytoplasm?

A

Soluble proteins, salts and carbohydrates

47
Q

The cytoplasm is the site for what?

A

Nearly all chemical reactions

48
Q

The DNA of most bacteria is..

A

Single circular bacterial chromosomes

49
Q

IN bacterial cells,, DNA is aggregated in a dense area called the..

50
Q

Many bacteria contain other, extrachromosomal DNA called..

51
Q

Plasmids may contain..

A

Virulence factors (plasmids give bacteria things like antibiotic resistance)

52
Q

The size of a prokaryotic ribosome is ____ while the size of a eukaryotic ribosome is ___

53
Q

What are the two subunits of a prokaryotic ribosome?

A

30S and 50S

54
Q

Prokaryotic ribosomes are 60%______ and 40%_____

A

rRNA

Protein

55
Q

What do prokaryotic ribosomes do?

A

Translate mRNA into proteins

BIO 251 (26 decks)

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