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BIO 251 > Chapter 1: Introduction to Microbes and Their Building Blocks > Flashcards

Chapter 1: Introduction to Microbes and Their Building Blocks Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Microorganisms include…

A 
Viruses
Bacteria / archaea
Fungus
Protozoa
Algae
Helminths
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2
Q

What cells can viruses infect?

A

All living cells

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3
Q

Are viruses alive?

A

NO

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4
Q

Microbes reproduce….

A

Rapidly

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5
Q

Bacterial-type organisms have been on the planet for about _________ years

A

3.5 billion

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6
Q

Bacteria were the only living inhabitants on Earth for about…

A

2 billion years

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7
Q

Do prokaryotes have a true nucleus?

A

No

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8
Q

Eukaryotic organisms arose about….

A

1.8 million years ago

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9
Q

Eu-kary means..

A

True nucleus

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10
Q

Eukaryotic organisms are precursors to organisms that…

A

Eventually formed multicellular animals

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11
Q

What does it mean when it is said that microbes are “ubiquitous”?

A

They are everywhere, found in Earth’s crust, polar ice caps, oceans and the bodies of plants and animals

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12
Q

Microbes occur in large numbers. They have a large _______ and large _______

A

Biomass

Biodiversity

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13
Q

What are extremophiles?

A

Microbes that live in locations where other organisms cannot survive

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14
Q

Anoxygenic photosynthesis

A

Light- fueled conversion of carbon dioxide to organic material that does not produce oxygen

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15
Q

Oxygenic photosynthesis

A

Light-fueled conversion of carbon dioxide to organic material that does not produce oxygen

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16
Q

What is the source of oxygen on the planet?

A

Oxygenic photosynthesis

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17
Q

Oxygenic photosynthesis led to….

A

The use of oxygen for aerobic respiration

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18
Q

Photosynthetic microorganisms account for ____ of the Earth’s photosynthesis

A

70%

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19
Q

Microbes are the main forces that drive the _______ and _______ of the soil, water and atmosphere

A

Structure

Content

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20
Q

Microbes produce gasses such as CO2, NO, and CH3 that regulate the..

A

Temperature of the Earth

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21
Q

The enormous underground community of microbes influence ________, __________ and _________

A

Weathering
Mineral extraction
Soil formation

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22
Q

Bacteria and fungi live in close associations with plants that help them….

A

Obtain nutrients and protect them against disease

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23
Q

Genetic Engineering

A

An area of biotechnology that manipulates the genetics of microbes, plants, and animals for creating new products and genetically modified organisms.

24
Q

Recombinant DNA technology

A

The transfer of genetic material from one organism to another to deliberately alter the DNA and produce a specific product

25
Q

Bioremediation

A

The use of organisms, either naturally occurring or artificially introduced, to restore stability or clean ip toxic pollutants

26
Q

Do the majority of microorganisms that associate with humans cause them harm?

A

No

27
Q

Pathogens

A

Microbes that cause disease

28
Q

What are among the most common cause of death in the U.S and worldwide?

A

Infectious diseases

29
Q

The WHO estimates that there are _______ new infections each year caused by microbes

A

10 billion

30
Q

The death toll from infectious diseases is approximately…

A

13 million people per year worldwide

31
Q

The CDC reports that a child dies from malaria..

A

Every 30 seconds

32
Q

Emerging infectious diseases

A

New infectious diseases such as HIV, hepatitis C and Ebola cause severe morbidity and mortality

33
Q

Re-emerging infectious diseases

A

Older diseases such as measles, mumps and whooping cough that once thought to be under control are again becoming a serious threat

34
Q

Diseases once considered to be noninfectious have now been found to have a….

A

microbial link

35
Q

Stomach ulcers are linked to..

A

Helicobacter pylori

36
Q

Diabetes is potentially linked to…

A

Coxsackievirus

37
Q

Schizophrenia has a potential link to..

A

Toxopolasmosis

38
Q

Chronic infections with_______ or ______ have been linked to multiple sclerosis, obsessive compulsive disorder, coronary artery disease and obesity

A

Bacteria

Viruses

39
Q

Spontaneous generation

A

The belief that invisible vital forces present in matter led to the creation of life

40
Q

Spontaneous generation =

A

Abiogenesis

41
Q

Abiogenesis

A

The idea that living things can arise from non-living things

42
Q

Biogenesis

A

The idea that living things only arise from others of their same kind

43
Q

Louis Pasteur

A

Studied the roles of microbes in fermentation of alcoholic beverages

44
Q

Louis Pasteur used a series of experiments with _____ _____ _____ to disprove abiogenesis or spontaneous generation

A

Swan - necked flasks

45
Q

What did Pasteur’s swan-neck experiment include?

A
  • Filled flasks with broth and fashioned the openings into long, swan neck shaped tubes
  • Heated flasks to sterilize broth
  • Flasks that were exposed to dust from the air showed microbial growth
  • Flask that were exposed to the air but not to dust showed no growth
46
Q

What did Robert Hooke study?

A

In the 1660s, he studied household objects, plants and trees using a simple magnifying glass

47
Q

What did Anton Van Leeuwenhoek do?

A

He manufactured simple microscopes to see the threads in fabrics

48
Q

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek observed “animals” in…

A

A drop of rainwater

49
Q

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek also observed “________” he scraped from his and others’ _____

A

Animalcules

Teeth

50
Q

Anton Van Leeuwenhoek constructed up to _______ microscopes that could magnify up to _____

A

250

300x

51
Q

Joseph Lister

A

Use of antiseptic techniques in surgery in the mid 1800s (keeping instruments sterile)

52
Q

Ferdinand Cohn

A

A discovery of endospores(certain things can survive sterilization techniques)

53
Q

Oliver Wendell Holmes and Ignaz Semmelweis

A

The importance of ascetic techniques and hand washing by physicians attending patients

54
Q

Robert Koch

A

Developed a series of postulates that verified the germ theory of disease and established a link between a microbe and the disease it caused

55
Q

Who is the “Father of Microbiology”?

A

Robert Koch, developed agar

56
Q

Koch’s postulates have four steps that allow you to say that….

A

You have identified the causative agent of a disease

57
Q

Koch’s postulates

A

the microorganism or other pathogen must be present in all cases of the disease

the pathogen can be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture

the pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when inoculated into a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal

the pathogen must be reisolated from the new host and shown to be the same as the originally inoculated pathogen

BIO 251 (26 decks)

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