Chapter 1: Introduction to Microbes and Their Building Blocks Flashcards
Microorganisms include…
Viruses Bacteria / archaea Fungus Protozoa Algae Helminths
What cells can viruses infect?
All living cells
Are viruses alive?
NO
Microbes reproduce….
Rapidly
Bacterial-type organisms have been on the planet for about _________ years
3.5 billion
Bacteria were the only living inhabitants on Earth for about…
2 billion years
Do prokaryotes have a true nucleus?
No
Eukaryotic organisms arose about….
1.8 million years ago
Eu-kary means..
True nucleus
Eukaryotic organisms are precursors to organisms that…
Eventually formed multicellular animals
What does it mean when it is said that microbes are “ubiquitous”?
They are everywhere, found in Earth’s crust, polar ice caps, oceans and the bodies of plants and animals
Microbes occur in large numbers. They have a large _______ and large _______
Biomass
Biodiversity
What are extremophiles?
Microbes that live in locations where other organisms cannot survive
Anoxygenic photosynthesis
Light- fueled conversion of carbon dioxide to organic material that does not produce oxygen
Oxygenic photosynthesis
Light-fueled conversion of carbon dioxide to organic material that does not produce oxygen
What is the source of oxygen on the planet?
Oxygenic photosynthesis
Oxygenic photosynthesis led to….
The use of oxygen for aerobic respiration
Photosynthetic microorganisms account for ____ of the Earth’s photosynthesis
70%
Microbes are the main forces that drive the _______ and _______ of the soil, water and atmosphere
Structure
Content
Microbes produce gasses such as CO2, NO, and CH3 that regulate the..
Temperature of the Earth
The enormous underground community of microbes influence ________, __________ and _________
Weathering
Mineral extraction
Soil formation
Bacteria and fungi live in close associations with plants that help them….
Obtain nutrients and protect them against disease
Genetic Engineering
An area of biotechnology that manipulates the genetics of microbes, plants, and animals for creating new products and genetically modified organisms.
Recombinant DNA technology
The transfer of genetic material from one organism to another to deliberately alter the DNA and produce a specific product
Bioremediation
The use of organisms, either naturally occurring or artificially introduced, to restore stability or clean ip toxic pollutants
Do the majority of microorganisms that associate with humans cause them harm?
No
Pathogens
Microbes that cause disease
What are among the most common cause of death in the U.S and worldwide?
Infectious diseases
The WHO estimates that there are _______ new infections each year caused by microbes
10 billion
The death toll from infectious diseases is approximately…
13 million people per year worldwide
The CDC reports that a child dies from malaria..
Every 30 seconds
Emerging infectious diseases
New infectious diseases such as HIV, hepatitis C and Ebola cause severe morbidity and mortality
Re-emerging infectious diseases
Older diseases such as measles, mumps and whooping cough that once thought to be under control are again becoming a serious threat
Diseases once considered to be noninfectious have now been found to have a….
microbial link
Stomach ulcers are linked to..
Helicobacter pylori
Diabetes is potentially linked to…
Coxsackievirus
Schizophrenia has a potential link to..
Toxopolasmosis
Chronic infections with_______ or ______ have been linked to multiple sclerosis, obsessive compulsive disorder, coronary artery disease and obesity
Bacteria
Viruses
Spontaneous generation
The belief that invisible vital forces present in matter led to the creation of life
Spontaneous generation =
Abiogenesis
Abiogenesis
The idea that living things can arise from non-living things
Biogenesis
The idea that living things only arise from others of their same kind
Louis Pasteur
Studied the roles of microbes in fermentation of alcoholic beverages
Louis Pasteur used a series of experiments with _____ _____ _____ to disprove abiogenesis or spontaneous generation
Swan - necked flasks
What did Pasteur’s swan-neck experiment include?
- Filled flasks with broth and fashioned the openings into long, swan neck shaped tubes
- Heated flasks to sterilize broth
- Flasks that were exposed to dust from the air showed microbial growth
- Flask that were exposed to the air but not to dust showed no growth
What did Robert Hooke study?
In the 1660s, he studied household objects, plants and trees using a simple magnifying glass
What did Anton Van Leeuwenhoek do?
He manufactured simple microscopes to see the threads in fabrics
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek observed “animals” in…
A drop of rainwater
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek also observed “________” he scraped from his and others’ _____
Animalcules
Teeth
Anton Van Leeuwenhoek constructed up to _______ microscopes that could magnify up to _____
250
300x
Joseph Lister
Use of antiseptic techniques in surgery in the mid 1800s (keeping instruments sterile)
Ferdinand Cohn
A discovery of endospores(certain things can survive sterilization techniques)
Oliver Wendell Holmes and Ignaz Semmelweis
The importance of ascetic techniques and hand washing by physicians attending patients
Robert Koch
Developed a series of postulates that verified the germ theory of disease and established a link between a microbe and the disease it caused
Who is the “Father of Microbiology”?
Robert Koch, developed agar
Koch’s postulates have four steps that allow you to say that….
You have identified the causative agent of a disease
Koch’s postulates
the microorganism or other pathogen must be present in all cases of the disease
the pathogen can be isolated from the diseased host and grown in pure culture
the pathogen from the pure culture must cause the disease when inoculated into a healthy, susceptible laboratory animal
the pathogen must be reisolated from the new host and shown to be the same as the originally inoculated pathogen
