Chapter 12: Host Defenses Innate Immunity- Part 1

Question 1

Two types of host defenses

Answer 1

Innate (nonspecific)

Acquired (specific)

Question 2

Antigen

Answer 2

Anything that solicits an immune response

Question 3

A healthy, functioning immune system is responsible for..

Answer 3

Surveillance of the body
Recognition of foreign material
Destruction of entities deemed to be foreign

Question 4

Innate immunity

Answer 4

Things that are always present, nonspecific

Question 5

How does innate immunity behave?

Answer 5

Behaves the same way no matter what is encountered

Question 6

What is the innate immunity made up of?

Answer 6

Multiple components that all help to recognize antigen

Question 7

The ability to recognize antigen is based on the capability to what?

Answer 7

Differentiate self from nonself

Question 8

First line of defense

Answer 8

Inborn, nonspecific defenses

Question 9

3 types of First Line of Defense

Answer 9

Physical
Chemical
Genetic

Question 10

What do first line defenses do?

Answer 10

Impede the entry of microbes and other foreign agents, living or non-living

Question 11

Physical barriers: skin

Answer 11

• Stratum corneum

- Shedding

Question 12

Physical barriers: mucous membranes

Answer 12

• Shedding of cells
• Mucous
• Cilia in some areas (lungs)

Question 13

Physical barriers: normal flora

Answer 13

• Essential to function of many organs
• Can help protect against pathogens
• Microbial warfare

Question 14

Chemical barriers

examples

Answer 14

Sebum
Sweat
Tears
Saliva
Stomach acid
Intestinal enzymes 
Other bodily fluids

Question 15

Chemical barriers: sweat

Answer 15

pH

Flushing

Question 16

Chemical barriers: tears

Answer 16

Flushing action
Contains lysozyme (attacks cell wall of bacteria, also in vaginal secretions)

Question 17

Chemical barriers: saliva

Answer 17

Lysozyme

Question 18

Second line of defense

Answer 18

Generalized and nonspecific defenses that support and interact with specific immune responses

Question 19

4 types of second-line defenses

Answer 19

Phagocytosis (cells)
Inflammation
Fever
Antimicrobial proteins

Question 20

Hematopoiesis

Answer 20

Production of blood cells

Question 21

Where does hematopoiesis take place?

Answer 21

In the red bone marrow

Question 22

White blood cells (leukocytes) are programmed to develop into…

Answer 22

Several secondary cell lines

Question 23

Leukocytes are primarily responsible for _______ ________

Answer 23

Immune function

Question 24

Two lineages in hematopoiesis

Answer 24

Myeloid

Lymphoid

Question 25

The lymphoid stem cell can differentiate into what cells?

Answer 25

Lymphoblasts then lymphocytes OR Natural killer cells

Question 26

Lymphocytes

Answer 26

Primary cells involved in specific immune reactions to foreign matter

Question 27

Types of lymphocytes

Answer 27

T cells | B cells

Question 28

T cells

Answer 28

Perform a number of specific cellular immune responses such as assisting B cells and killing foreign cells (cell-mediated immunity)

Question 29

B cells

Answer 29

Differentiate into plasma cells and form antibodies (humoral immunity)

Question 30

Natural killer cells

Answer 30

Related to T cells but display no antigen specificity, active against cancerous and virally infected cells

Question 31

What tells cells to go down the myeloid vs lymphoid lineage?

Answer 31

Cytokines

Question 32

Types of cells in the myeloid lineage

Answer 32

``` RBCs Platelets (from megakaryocytes) Neutrophils Basophils Eosinophils Monocytes Macrophages Dendritic cells Mast cells ```

Question 33

Granulocytes

Answer 33

Neutrophils Basophils Eosinophils

Question 34

Agranulocytes

Answer 34

Monocytes T cells B cells

Question 35

Professional phagocytes

Answer 35

Neutrophils Monocytes Macrophages ~Dendritic cells~(usually not one of first to respond)

Question 36

General activities of phagocytes are..

Answer 36

- Survey the tissue compartments and discover microbes, particulate matter and injured or dead cells - Ingest and eliminate materials