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BIO 251 > Chapter 7 and 8: Microbial Metabolism and Genetics- Part 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 7 and 8: Microbial Metabolism and Genetics- Part 2 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Staphylococcus aureus is a common gram ______ bacterium

A

Positive

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2
Q

Drug resistant S. aureus are called

A

Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA)

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3
Q

Antibiotic resistance is a _______ event

A

Genetic

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4
Q

Bacteria have _______ genomes

A

Haploid (one chromosome)

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5
Q

Mutations in bacterial genes alters what?

A

Genotype

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6
Q

What is the genotype?

A

The DNA-level information encoded by the genome

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7
Q

Mutations can also alter…

A

Phenotype

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8
Q

What is the phenotype controlled by?

A

Proteins by alteration of amino acid composition

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9
Q

Organisms that acquire mutations are termed…

A

Mutants

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10
Q

What are the two types of mutations?

A

Induced

Spontaneous

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11
Q

Spontaneous mutations

A

During normal cellular processes

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12
Q

Types of spontaneous mutations

A
  • Nucleotide base substitution (aka point mutation)
  • Deletion or insertion of nucleotides
  • Transposable elements (“jumping genes”)
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13
Q

Induced mutations

A

Chemicals and radiation can induce mutations of DNA

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14
Q

What are mutases?

A

A type of induced mutation, they are enzymes that are expressed during times of stress that increase rates of mutations

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15
Q

What do nonsense mutations do?

A

Switch something to a stop codon?

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16
Q

Mutations are a ______ biological process

A

Natural

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17
Q

All DNA polymerases have..

A

Inherent mutation rates

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18
Q

IN times of stress, mutational rates..

A

Increase

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19
Q

What would happen without mutations?

A

Evolution cannot occur and organisms will be ill-equipped to adjust to changes in their environment

20
Q

Evolution requires what three events?

A
  • Genetic variation, which is mostly random
  • The variations must be heritable
  • Natural selection of those traits most suitable for an environment
21
Q

What are competent cells?

A

Cells that are receptive to DNA transfer

22
Q

The process of becoming competent is largely unknown, but requires _______ ________

A

Protein synthesis

23
Q

What do competent cells permit?

A

DNA to pass through their cell walls and membranes

24
Q

What is transformation?

A

The process of competent cells allowing DNA to pass through their cell walls and membranes, can lead to the acquisition of new genes

25
Q

Can competent cells be induced artificially?

A

Yes, they play an important role in biotechnology

26
Q

DNA-mediated transformation has to do with…

A

Competence

27
Q

Transduction

A

Bacteriophages frequently incorporate genes from previously-infected host cells

28
Q

What happens when progeny viruses infect other bacteria?

A

The new genetic information can be recombined with the host’s genome

29
Q

What are plasmids?

A

Circular pieces of DNA

30
Q

How long are plasmids?

A

They can be hundreds to thousands of nucleotides long

31
Q

Plasmids frequently contain _______ ______ that contribute to disease susceptibility

A

Virulence factors

32
Q

Virulence factors (common)

A

Antibiotic resistance

Toxins

33
Q

Why are plasmids considered promiscuous?

A

They can disseminate between species of bacteria

34
Q

What are plasmids commonly used in biotechnology for?

A

Gene cloning and recombinant protein production

35
Q

What is conjugation?

A

The direct transfer of plasmids (or chromosomes) between bacteria

36
Q

Competent cells acquire plasmids by…

A

Random chance

37
Q

Conjugation 4 Step Process: First Step

A

Contact between a donor cell (F+) and recipient cell (F-) is mediated by a sex pilus, a tubular structures

38
Q

Conjugation 4 Step process: Step 2

A

The plasmid becomes mobilized by an enzyme that cleaves the plasmid

39
Q

Conjugation 4 Step Process: Step 3

A

One strand of the double stranded plasmid is transferred to the recipient, presumably through the pilus

40
Q

Conjugation 4 step process: Step 4

A

The copies of the plasmids are used as templates for DNA synthesis

41
Q

Each strand of the plasmid has..

A

Enzymes to make another strand

42
Q

Can penicillinase be passed through conjugation?

A

Yes and it makes organisms resistant to penicillin

43
Q

Transposons

A

Transposable elements, jumping genes, are self-replicating DNA molecules

44
Q

The mobile gene pool- transposons occur in…

A

Virtually all organisms

45
Q

When transposons jump, they…

A

Frequently take adjacent genes with them, such that integration in another cell leads to the introduction of novel genetic information
(Slide #26)

BIO 251 (26 decks)

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