Chapter 12: Host Defenses Innate Immunity- Part 2

Question 1

Events of phagocytosis

Answer 1

1. Chemotaxis
2. Ingestion
3. Phagolysosome formation
4. Destruction
5. Excretion

Question 2

Phagocytes have ______ ______ (___) that will recognize antigen receptors (PAMPS)

Answer 2

Specific receptors (PRR)(pattern recognition receptors)

Question 3

Chemotaxis

Answer 3

Phagocytes migrate into a region of inflammation with a deliberate sense of direction, attracted by a gradient of stimulant products from the parasite and host tissue at the site of injury

Question 4

PAMPS

Answer 4

Pathogen associated molecular patterns

Question 5

Ingestion

Answer 5

Phagocytes use pattern recognition to identify and stick to foreign cells, extends pseudo-pods that enclose the cells in a pocket and internalize them
-Also secretes more cytokines

Question 6

Phagolysosome formation

Answer 6

Lysosomes migrate to the the scene of the phagosome and fuse with it to form a phagolysosome. Granules containing antimicrobial chemicals are released into the phagolysosome, forming a potent brew designed to poison and then dismantle the ingested material

Question 7

Destruction

Answer 7

Destructive chemicals await the microbes in the phagolysosome
-Many proteins and enzymes help to finish the job

Question 8

Elimination

Answer 8

The small bits of undigestible debris are released from the macrophage by exocytosis

Question 9

Factors that elicit inflammation

Answer 9

• Trauma from infection
• Tissue injury or necrosis die to physical or chemical agents
• Specific immune reactions`

Question 10

Diapedesis

Answer 10

The migration of WBCs out of blood vessels into tissues

Question 11

WBCs are actively ________ and readily change _______

Answer 11

Motile

Shape

Question 12

How is diapedesis possible?

Answer 12

Endothelial cells lining venules contain complex adhesive receptors that capture WBCs and transport them into intracellular spaces

Question 13

Chemotaxis (in terms with diapedesis)

Answer 13

Migration of cells in response to a specific chemical stimulus
-Cells swarm from many compartments to the site of infection and remain there to perform general and specific immune functions

Question 14

Both diapedesis and chemotaxis are essential for…

Answer 14

The intercommunication and deployment of cells required for immune reactions

Question 15

During inflammation, WBCs…

Answer 15

Start to roll along slowly instead of just flowing by

Question 16

Body temperature is maintained at what temperature and by what organ?

Answer 16

37° celsius
(98.6° F)
Hypothalamus

Question 17

Low grade fever

Answer 17

37.7-38.3° C

100-101° F

Question 18

High fever

Answer 18

40.0-41.4° C

104-106°F

Question 19

Pyrogens

Answer 19

Substances that reset the hypothalamic thermostat to a higher setting(fever causing)

Question 20

What substances can also stimulate fever?

Answer 20

Lipopolysaccharides

Question 21

Benefits of fever

Answer 21

• Inhibits multiplication of temperature sensitive microorganisms such as the poliovirus
• Impedes nutrition of bacteria by reducing the availability of iron
• Increases metabolism and stimulates immune reactions and naturally protective physiological processes

Question 22

What does a fever speed up?

Answer 22

Hematopoiesis, phagocytosis, and specific immune reactions

Question 23

Antimicrobial proteins (second-line defenses)

Answer 23

Interferon
Complement proteins
Iron binding proteins
Antimicrobial peptides

Question 24

Interferon

Answer 24

Chemical help signal

Important first stem in an antiviral response

Question 25

Complement proteins

Answer 25

Proteins constitutively expressed by the liver

Poke holes in microbial cells, infected cells or attach to antibody and help in the adaptive immune response

Question 26

Iron binding proteins

Answer 26

Compete with microbes by binding free iron in our bodies

Some bacteria have siderophores

Question 27

Siderophores

Answer 27

Iron binding proteins

Question 28

Antimicrobial peptides

Answer 28

Defense’s-Bind and inactivate many different microbes