UTS Flashcards
Philosophy come from the Greek words?
“Philos” (love)
“Sophia” (wisdom)
In a broad sense, it is an activity people undertake when they seek to understand
fundamental truths about themselves, the world in which they live, and their relationships to
the world and to each other.
Philosophy
Way of thinking about everything around us; about the nature, the world, and the society
Philosophy
Seeking to know the truth
Philosophy
It is the study of the fundamental nature of knowledge
Philosophy
11 PHILOSOPHERS
Socrates
Plato
St. Augustine of Hippo
Rene Descartes
John Locke
David Hume
Immanuel Kant
Sigmund Freud
Gilbert Ryle
Patricia and Paul Churchland
Maurice Merleau-Ponty
An ancient Greek, Philosopher, Scholar, Teacher
Socrates
One of the ‘big three’
Socrates
Considered to be the main source of Western Thought
Socrates
His works were only known throug Plato’s writing (The Dialogues).
Socrates
Stated the the “unexamined life is not worth living”
Socrates
Also called The Dialectic Method
The Socratic Method
What is plato’s real name?
Aristocles (428-348 BCE)
He established a school known as ‘The Academy‘
Plato
He wrote more than 20 Dialogues with Socrates as protagonist in most of them.
Plato
Plato’s metaphysics is known as ‘Theory of Forms’
Plato
The one who came up about ‘Allegory of the cave’
Plato
3 CHARACTERISTICS OF PLATO’S FORMS
- The Forms are ageless and therefore are eternal.
- The Forms are unchanging and therefore permanent.
3.The Forms are unmoving and indivisible.
2 PLATO’S DUALISM
- The Realm of the Shadows
- The Realm of Forms
composed of changing, sensible things which are
lesser entities and therefore imperfect and flawed
The Realm of the Shadows
3 COMPONENTS OF THE SOUL ACCORDING TO PLATO
- The reason
- The spirited
- The Appetites
rational and is the motivation for goodness and truth
The Reason
non-rational and is the will or the thrive toward action
The Spirited
irrational and lean towards the desire for pleasures of the body
The Appetites
A Christian Philosopher
St. Augustine of Hippo
Concerns mainly focuses with God and man’s relationship with God
St. Augustine of Hippo
believe that man is innately good and becomes evil through ignorance
of what is good.
Greek Philosophy
rely on God’s commands and His judgement determines what is
good and what is evil
Christian Philosophy
St. Augustine of Hippo focused on two realms:
- God as the source of all reality and truth
- The sinfulness of man
THE ROLE OF LOVE
- Love of physical objects - sin of greed
- Love for other people - sin of jealousy
- Love for the self - sin of pride
- Love for God - real happiness
THE ROLE OF LOVE
- Love of physical objects - sin of greed
- Love for other people - sin of jealousy
- Love for the self - sin of pride
- Love for God - real happiness
Known as the “Father of Modern Philosophy”
Rene Descartes
Introduced the Cartesian Method
Rene Descartes
CARTESIAN METHOD
- Intuition
- Deduction
the ability to apprehend direction of certain truths.
Intuition
the power to discover what is not know by progressing to an orderly way
from what is already known. Truth are arrived at using a step by step process.
Deduction
“I think, therefore I am”.
Rene Descartes
a substance that is separate from the body according to Rene Descartes
Soul/Mind (also the self)
The body according to him, is like a machine that is controlled by the will and aided by the
mind.
Rene Descartes
Born in Wrington, England
and Son of a Puritan Lawyer
John Locke
His interest is the acquisition of knowledge
John Locke
knowledge results from ideas produced by experiences
Posteriori
blank slate
‘tabula rasa’
THREE LAWS ACCORDING TO JOHN LOCKE
- Law of Opinion
- Civil Law
- Divine Law
where actions are praiseworthy are virtues and those that are not are
called vice.
Law of Opinion
where right actions are enforced by people in authority
Civil Law
set by God on the actions of man. This is deemed to be the true law for
human behavior
Divine Law
Born in Edinburgh, Scotland
At the time he was enrolled at the University of Edinburgh, he lost is faith
David Hume
TWO TYPES OF PERCEPTIONS
- Impressions
- Ideas
immediate sensations of external reality
Impressions
recollections of impressions
Ideas
These two together make up the content of the human mind
Impressions and Ideas
THREE PRINCIPLES ON HOW IDEAS RELATE TO ONE ANOTHER
- Principles of Resemblance
- Principles of Contiguity
- Principles of Cause and Effect
sensing the likeness of current experience to previous
experiences
The Principle of Resemblance
associating an event to another event
The Principle of Contiguity
principle that all events have sufficient causes. This
idea arises only when people experience certain relation between objects thus it cannot
be a basis for knowledge
The Principle of Cause and Effect
From Konisberg in East Prussia (presently Western Russia)
Immanuel Kant
The philosophy of David Hume awakened and motivated him to be the founder of German
Idealism
Immanuel Kant
argued that the mind actively participates in knowing the objects it experiences
Immanuel Kant
Stated that Instead of the mind conforming to the world, it is the external world that conforms to the mind
Immanuel Kant
An Austrian neurologist
Sigmund Freud
Considered to be one of the pioneering figures in the field of Psychology
Sigmund Freud
Focuses on the working of the unconscious mind (Psychoanalysis)
Sigmund Freud
STRUCTURES OF THE MIND
- Id
- Ego
- Superego
pleasure principle
Id
Reality Principle
Ego
Moral principle
Superego
Two kinds of instincts that drive individual behavior:
- Eros or life instinct
- Thanatos or death instinct
energy of eros is called
‘libido’
behavior towards destruction in a form of aggression and
violence
Thanatos or death instinct
An English Philosopher
and Contradicted the Cartesian Dualism
Gilbert Ryle
Man is endowed with freewill
He thought that freewill was invented to answer the question of whether an action deserves
praise or blame
Gilbert Ryle
TWO TYPES OF KNOWLEDGE
- Knowing-that
- Knowing-how
an “empty intellectualism” as it refers to only knowing facts
Knowing-that
using facts and perform it using skill or technical abilities
Knowing-how
involves an ability and not just intellect.
Knowing
A Canadian Philosopher
Patricia and Paul Churchland
Uses the application of neurology to problems such as the mind-body problem
Patricia and Paul Churchland
is responsible for the identity known as the ‘Self’
Man’s brain
Coined the term ‘Neurophilosophy’
Patricia and Paul Churchland
It is the study of the philosophy of the mind, the philosophy of science, neuroscience
and psychology
Neurophilosophy
Aims to explore the relevance of neuroscientific experiments/ studies to the
philosophy of the mind
Neurophilosophy
Brain-mind issue is the center of this study
Neurophilosophy
Claims that man’s brain is responsible for the identity known as the self
Patricia and Paul Churchland
A French Phenomenological Philosopher
Maurice Merleau-Ponty
He wrote books on perception, art and political thought. His philosophy emphasized the human body as the primary site of knowing the world
Maurice Merleau-Ponty
He has been known as a philosopher of the body
Maurice Merleau-Ponty
The focus is on the relationship between self-experience and the experience of other people. He developed the concept of body-subject and contended that perceptions occur existentially
Maurice Merleau-Ponty
The scientific study of human social relations or group life.
Sociology
Is a study of human interactions, the relationships that occur within the group and the results
of these interactions.
Sociology
Born February 1863 in Massachusetts, USA
Graduated and taught grade school in Oberlin College
George Herbert Mead
In 1887, he enrolled at Harvard University and his main interests were Philosophy and
Psychology
Died of heart failure in 1931
George Herbert Mead
The power of the environment in shaping human behavior
Social Behaviorism
Described the self as a ‘dimension of personality that is made-up of the individual’s self- awareness and self-image’. Self cannot be separated from the society
Social Behaviorism
STAGES OF SELF FORMATION
- The Preparatory Stage
- The Play Stage
- The Game Stage
Children imitate the behaviors of people around them
The Preparatory Stage
At this stage, children starts to know and understand the symbols. The symbols are the bases of communication. Ex. Language, gestures, objects
The Preparatory Stage
Skills at knowing and understanding the symbols of communication is important for
socialization. Children begin to role play and pretend to be other people
The Play Stage
is the process of mentally assuming the perspective of another and see how
the person respond in a given situation
Role-taking
8-9 years of age
The child begins to consider several tasks and various types of relationships
simultaneously
The Game Stage
Begins to see not only the own perspective but also the perspective of other people.
The Game Stage
is the behavior of the person when he sees/ considers other people in
the course of his actions. The person realizes that people in society have cultural norms, beliefs, and values which are incorporated into each self.
‘Generalized other’
The self is not present at birth but begins as a central character in a child’s world
Children see themselves as the center of their ‘universe’
Mead’s theory of the self
As the child grow and mature, they begin to see other people and now concerned about
people’s reactions
Significant others is the family who play a major role in the formation of the self
Mead’s theory of the self
When the person initiates or performs a social action, the self functions as a subject
I self
It represents the individual’s identity based on the response in his own experience
I self
When the person takes the role of the other, the self function as an object
Me self
It represents learned behaviors, attitudes and expectations of others and of society
Me self
Was an American Sociologist
Made use of the sociopsychological approach to understanding how societies work
Charles Horton Cooley
People learn who they are through their social interaction with people.
Our view of ourselves comes from contemplation of personal qualities and by the impression
and perception of others
Charles Horton Cooley
Looking-glass self or the self that is a product of social interaction
Charles Horton Cooley
THREE PHASES OF DEVELOPING A SELF ACCORDING TO CHARLES HORTON COOLEY
- People imagine how they present themselves to other
- People imagine how others evaluate them
- People develop some sort of feeling about themselves as a result of those impressions
A Canadian-American sociologist.
Known for his development of Modern American Sociology
Erving Goffman
One of his popular work was The Presentation of the Self in Everyday Life.
He observed that people learn to slant their presentation of themselves in order to create
preferred appearances and satisfy particular audience
Erving Goffman
The process of altering how the person presents himself to others
Impression Management
Similarities of real social interaction to a theatrical presentation. Also termed as dramaturgical approach
Impression Management
Another aspect of the self
Face Work
Is the need to maintain proper image of the self to continue social interaction. Helps achieve success in interpersonal communication
Face Work
Is a field of the social sciences that focuses on the study of man
Anthropology
This field includes man’s physical/biological characteristics, his social relationships and the influences of his culture from the dawn of civilization up to the present
Anthropology
makes the person aware that what he is maybe determined by his past and
present condition, his biological characteristics, the way he communicates, the language that
he uses and the manner in which he chooses to live his life.
Anthropology
FOUR SUBFIELDS OF ANTHROPOLOGY
- Archaeology
- Biological Anthropology
- Linguistics Anthropology
- Cultural Anthropology
Human beings are similar and different at the same time. For instance, people have the same
need for food, water, and shelter but they differ in the ways/means of how to acquire this
satisfaction. In spite of diversity, there is similarity
Anthropology
The study of the ancient and recent human past through material remains
Archaeology
consists of artifacts, architecture, biofacts, and cultural landscapes
Archaeological records
Archaeologists’ focus is the past and how it may have contributed to the present ways of how
people conduct their daily lives
Archaeology
Archaeologists discovered the most important aspect of human nature, which is ________
survival
People continue to adapt in order to survive.
Similarity
The manner that they choose to survive differs
Diversity
WAYS OF SURVIVAL
Some men would use POWER and STRENGTH, DECLARE WARS, CONQUER and even try to
ANNIHILATE RACES. Others would OFFER their SERVICES, KNOWLEDGE, RESOURCES and even their LIVES.
Also called physical anthropology
Biological Anthropology
Is the study of the past and present evolution of the human species and is especially
concerned with understanding the causes of present human diversity
Biological Anthropology
Focus primarily on how the humans adapts to the different earth environments
Biological Anthropology
Explaining how the biological characteristics of human beings affect how they lived their lives. Human beings share the same biological strengths and vulnerabilities.
Biological Anthropology
Human survival is primarily linked to their ability to
Communicate
Studies the role of language in the social lives of individuals and communities
Linguistic Anthropology
Explores how language shapes communication and how language and modes of
communication change over time
Linguistic Anthropology
is a system of communication used by a particular country or community
Language
identifies a group of people. The words, sounds, symbols, writings and signs that
are used are reflections of a group’s culture
Language
Their interest focuses on using language as a means to discover a
group’s manner of social interaction and his worldview
Linguistic Anthropologists
Is the universal language
English
have evolved which represent the subculture of a particular group (Ex. LGBTs).
Languages
adapts to the existing conditions in the society.
Language
As societies change and technologies develop so do the symbols and meaning people attach
to objects and events as expressed through the language that they use and their manner of
communicating
Linguistic Anthropology
It is the study of human cultures, their beliefs, practices, values, ideas, technologies, economies and other domains of social and cognitive organization
Cultural Anthropology
described as a group of people’s way of life. It includes their behaviors, beliefs, values and symbols that they accept (usually unconsciously) that are socially transmitted
through communication and imitation from generation to generation
Culture
Human nature is determined by the ideas, meanings, beliefs and values learned as
members of a society
Theory of Cultural Determinism
Positive implication of this theory suggests that human beings can be shaped/formed to
have the kind of life they prefer it further means that there is no limit placed on the human
ability to be or to do whatever they set their minds and hearts into.
Theory of Cultural Determinism
Negative implication is that people have no control over what they learn. They blindly
accept the learning their cultures exposed them to. Human beings are seen as helpless
and do only what their culture instructs them to do
Theory of Cultural Determinism
CULTURE MAY MANIFEST ITSELF IN PEOPLE IN THE FOLLOWING WAYS:
- Symbols
- Heroes
- Rituals
- Values
Are the words, gestures, pictures or objects that have a recognized/accepted
meaning in a particular culture
Symbols
are considered the most superficial level of culture
Symbols
can be shared or copied by other cultures who find them also fitting for their
own culture
Symbols
Are persons from the past or present who have characteristics that are important in a
culture
Heroes
They may be real of fictitious and are models for behavior
Heroes
Are activities (may be religious or social) participated in by a group of people for the
fulfillment of desired objectives and are considered to be socially essential
Rituals
Are considered to be the core of every culture
Values
are unconscious and can neither be discussed nor be directly observed but
can only be inferred from the way people act and react to circumstances and
situations
Values
involve human tendencies/preferences towards good or bad, right or wrong
Values
derived from the Greek words ‘psyche’ which means ‘soul’ and ‘logos’ which means ‘the study
of’
Psychology
scientific study of human behavior and mental processes
Psychology
It is the field of social sciences that deals with the description, explanation, prediction and
control of behavior
Psychology
GOALS OF PSYCHOLOGY
- Describe
- Explain
- Predict
- Control
The longstanding controversy over the relative contributions that genes and experiences
make to the development of psychological traits and behaviors
Nature-Nurture Controversy
American Philosopher and Psychologist. Also Founder of American Psychology
William James (1842-1910)
Professor of psychology and philosophy at Harvard University
William James (1842-1910)
an individual’s mental picture of the self is divided into two categories: the
“Me” and the “I”
Theory of the self
According to theory of the self by William James an individual’s mental picture of the self is divided into two categories:
“Me” and the “I”
FIVE CHARACTERISTICS OF THOUGHTS ACCORDING TO WILLIAM JAMES
- All human thoughts are owned by some personal self
- All thoughts are constantly changing or are never static
- There is a continuity of thoughts as its focus shifts from one object to another
- Thoughts deal with objects that are different from and independent of consciousness itself
- Consciousness can focus on particular objects and not others
Thoughts are associated with the __________
existence of the self
The self is made up of two parts:
ME self and I self
Can be considered as a separate object or individual that the person refers to when
discussing or describing their personal experiences
Me self
Also called empirical ME
Me self
THREE COMPONENTS OF ME SELF
- The Material self
- The Social self
- The Spiritual self
Consists of the things or objects that belong to the person or entities that belongs
to.
The Material self
The core of the material self is the ____
Body
WHAT COMPONENTS OF ME SELF?
Everything that is attached or associated to the body identifies the person
The Material self
WHAT COMPONENTS OF ME SELF?
The more attached and identified the person to his material things, the more he
will be affected if any of them changes
The Material self
Refers to who the person is in a particular social situation
The Social self
WHAT COMPONENTS OF ME SELF?
James believed that people have many social selves because of the many social
situations they find themselves in
The Social self
WHAT COMPONENTS OF ME SELF?
The person chooses the self that would smoothly adapt to the social situation in
order for him to fit in.
The Social self
Refers to the self that is more concrete or permanent when compared to the
material and social selves
The Spiritual self
This self is the most subjective and intimate part of the self
The Spiritual self
It includes aspects like the individual’s personality, values and morals that are
usually stable and constant
The Spiritual self
Always engaging in the process of introspection (self-observation) – it is a
method that includes reflecting or looking inward to study and understand the
how and why of the self
The Spiritual self
it is a
method that includes reflecting or looking inward to study and understand the
how and why of the self
process of introspection (self-observation)
WHAT COMPONENTS OF ME SELF?
Looking inward is more important because if there is conflict, it will be very
difficult for the person to have peace of mind
The Spiritual self
It is the self that knows and recognizes who they are and what they have done
I self
Pure Ego or the thinking self
I self
Similar to the soul or mind
and Considered to be non-substance
I self
It takes into account the past, present and future selves of the individual
I self
This perception of identity arises from a continuous stream of human consciousness
I self
Represents the overall value that a person places upon himself
Global self
The group of people we interacts with every day of our life strongly influence us
Global self
is the product of all experiences that we had in the society which accounts for the
kind of person we presently are
Global self
Coined by Murray Bowen who was an American Psychiatrist and professor of Psychiatry. He
developed the Family Therapy and Systemic Therapy. His observation of the family
(particularly his own) he came up with the concept of a ____________
Differentiated self
According to this theory there are two forces that affect the person, Togetherness and
Individuality
Differentiated self
Too much togetherness creates friction and conflict and prevents development of the person’s
sense of self. Too much individuality results in distant and estrange feelings towards family and other
people. A balance should be maintained between these two
forces
Differentiated self
Born on January 8, 1902
and American Psychologist
Carl Rogers (1902-1987)
He proposed the personality theory known as the Client-centered or Person-Centered
Theory
Carl Rogers (1902-1987)
It refers to how the person thinks about or perceives himself
Self-Concept
Includes all those aspects of one’s being and one’s experiences that are
perceived in awareness (though not always accurately) by the individual
Self-Concept
TWO TYPES OF SELF-CONCEPT
- Real self-concept
- Ideal self-concept
Refers to all information and perception the person has about himself
Real self-concept
This is who the person actually is and Answers the question, “Who am I?
Real self-concept
It is the model version the person has of himself and what the person
aims for himself to be
Ideal self-concept
This idealized view was borne out of his experiences, standards and
demands of society and the heroes and models which he chooses to
imitate
Ideal self-concept
Answers the question “Who do I want to be?”
Ideal self-concept
developed by Edward Tory Higgins in 1987. Individuals compare their “actual” self to internalized standards or the “ideal/ought self” or
self-guides.
Self-Discrepancy Theory
is when the self is found to be deviating/diverting from the self-guide. It may
cause emotional discomfort and can be manifested as guilt or worst as indifference
Self-Discrepancy Theory
is the integration of the different and conflicting aspects of the self
Unified self
suggests that there exists in the individual different aspects of the self
Multiple selves theory
came from an English Pediatrician and Psychoanalyst, Donald Woods Winnicott. Suggests that play is significant in the development of the child
True and False selves
is one in which the self is seen as creative, spontaneously experiencing each day
of their lives, appreciating being alive, real, integrated and connected to the whole of
existence
True Self
a defense, a kind of mask that hides the true person for fear of the pain of
rejection and failure. It usually surface when the person is forced to comply with existing social
norms and standard.
False Self
Is a Canadian-American psychologist, is the proponent of the personality theory
known as The Social Cognitive Theory
Albert Bandura
Humans are seen as proactive and agentic which means that we have the capacity to
exercise control over life
The Self as Proactive and Agentic
Suggested that human beings are proactive, self-regulating, self-reflective and self-organizing
The Social Cognitive Theory
People have the ability to influence their own behavior which may lead to desired outcomes
The Social Cognitive Theory
This human agency involves the active process of exploration and manipulation in order to
influence environment and achieve desired consequences
The Social Cognitive Theory
Explains how human beings are affected by the interaction among environmental events, behavior and personal factors
Triadic Reciprocal Causation Paradigm
FIVE CORE FEATURES OF HUMAN AGENCY
- Intentionality
- Forethought
- Self-Reactiveness
- Self-Reflectiveness
- Self-efficacy
refers to acts a person performs intentionally
Intentionality
refers to the person’s anticipation of likely outcomes of their actions
Forethought
refers to the process of motivating and regulating our own actions
Self-Reactiveness
refers to the examining our own functioning; thinking about and
evaluating our motivations, values, life goals, and the actions of other people have on us
Self-Reflectiveness
the person’s belief that he is capable of behavior that will produce the desired
positive results
Self-efficacy
can occur when a person attempts to minimize the discrepancies between
what a person already accomplished and what the person still wants to achieve
Self-Regulation
It allows the person to set goals that are better and higher than the former, challenging his
capabilities and make a person wiser and self-actualized individual
Self-Regulation
According to Albert Bandura, self-regulation is a continuously active process in which
we:
• Monitor our own behavior, the influences on our behavior, and the consequences of our
behavior;
• Judge our behavior in relation to our own personal standards and broader, more
contextual standards;
• React to our own behavior (i.e., what we think and how we feel about our behavior)
