Uterine Cancer

Question 1

what is hyperplasia?

Answer 1

an increase in the number of cells

Question 2

what are the three types of endometrial hyperplasia?

Answer 2

simple
complex
atypical

Question 3

which type of endometrial hyperplasia is a precursor of carcinoma?

Answer 3

atypical

Question 4

what is one possible cause of endometrial hyperplasia?

Answer 4

persistent oestrogen stimulation

Question 5

how does endometrial hyperplasia present?

Answer 5

abnormal bleeding

Question 6

when is the peak incidence of endometrial carcinoma?

Answer 6

50-60 years old

uncommon under 40

Question 7

what should be considered in young women with endometrial carcinoma?

Answer 7

underlying conditions

i.e. PCOS, Lynch syndrome

Question 8

what are the two main groups of endometrial carcinoma?

Answer 8

endometrioid carcinoma

serous carcinoma

Question 9

what is the precursor of an endometrioid endometrial carcinoma?

Answer 9

atypical hyperplasia

Question 10

what is a type one endometrial carcinoma?

Answer 10

endometrioid endometrial carcinoma

Question 11

which type of endometrial carcinoma is most common?

Answer 11

endometrioid

Question 12

what is endometrioid endometrial carcinoma related to?

Answer 12

unopposed oestrogen

Question 13

what are the two types of endometrioid endometrial carcinoma?

Answer 13

endometrioid

mucinous

Question 14

what mutations are associated with endometrioid endometrial carcinoma?

Answer 14

PTEN
KRAS
PIK3CA

Question 15

what is the precursor for serous endometrial carcinoma?

Answer 15

serous intraepithelial carcinoma

Question 16

what is a type two endometrial carcinoma?

Answer 16

serous endometrial carcinoma

Question 17

who gets serous endometrial carcinomas?

Answer 17

elderly, postmenopausal

Question 18

what mutation is often associated with serous endometrial carcinoma?

Answer 18

TP35

Question 19

what are the two phenotypes of serous endometrial carcinoma?

Answer 19

serous

clear cell

Question 20

how can serous endometrial carcinoma spread?

Answer 20

along Fallopian tube mucosa and onto peritoneal surfaces

Question 21

what is the more aggressive type of endometrial carcinoma?

Answer 21

serous endometrial carcinoma

Question 22

how does endometrial carcinoma usually present?

Answer 22

abnormal bleeding

Question 23

how can endometrial carcinoma spread?

Answer 23

directly
lymphatic
haematogenous

Question 24

where can endometrial carcinoma spread directly?

Answer 24

myometrium

cervix

Question 25

what are the stages for endometrial carcinoma?

Answer 25

I-IV

Question 26

what does prognosis of endometrial carcinoma depend on?

Answer 26

stage histological grade depth of myometrial invasion

Question 27

what are the treatment options for endometrial carcinoma?

Answer 27

hysterectomy chemotherapy radiotherapy

Question 28

define a grade 1 endometrioid endometrial carcinoma

Answer 28

5% or less solid growth

Question 29

define a grade 2 endometrioid endometrial carcinoma

Answer 29

6-50% solid growth

Question 30

define a grade 3 endometrioid endometrial carcinoma

Answer 30

>50% solid growth

Question 31

what is a stage I endometrial carcinoma?

Answer 31

confined to the uterus

Question 32

what is a stage IA endometrial carcinoma?

Answer 32

no/<50% myometrial invasion

Question 33

what is a stage IB endometrial carcinoma?

Answer 33

invasion equal to or >50% of myometrium

Question 34

what is a stage II endometrial carcinoma?

Answer 34

tumour invades cervical stroma

Question 35

what is a stage III endometrial carcinoma?

Answer 35

local and/or regional tumour spread

Question 36

what is a stage IIIA endometrial carcinoma?

Answer 36

tumour invades serosa of uterus and/or adnexae

Question 37

what is a stage IIIB endometrial carcinoma?

Answer 37

vaginal and/or parametrical involvement

Question 38

what is a stage IIIC endometrial carcinoma?

Answer 38

metastases to pelvic and/or para-aortic lymph nodes

Question 39

what is a stage IV endometrial carcinoma?

Answer 39

tumour invades bladder and/or bowel mucosa (IVA) and/or distant metastases (IVB)

Question 40

what is endometrial stromal sarcoma?

Answer 40

tumour arising from the endometrial stroma

Question 41

where can endometrial stromal sarcoma invade?

Answer 41

myometrium | lymph-vascular spaces

Question 42

where can endometrial stromal sarcoma invade?

Answer 42

myometrium | lymph-vascular spaces

Question 43

how do endometrial stromal sarcoma usually present?

Answer 43

AUB metastasis

Question 44

where do endometrial stromal sarcoma commonly metastasise to?

Answer 44

ovary | lung

Question 45

what is the most important prognostic factor for endometrial stromal sarcoma?

Answer 45

stage

Question 46

what is endometrial carcinosarcoma?

Answer 46

a mixed tumour with malignant, epithelial and stromal elements

Question 47

who tends to get endometrial carcinosarcoma?

Answer 47

elderly women

Question 48

what is the prognosis like for endometrial carcinosarcoma?

Answer 48

poor very aggressive

Question 49

what is an older name used for endometrial carcinosarcoma?

Answer 49

mixed Mullerian tumour

Question 50

what are two possible smooth muscle tumours of the myometrium?

Answer 50

leiomyoma (benign) | leiomyosarcoma (malignant)

Question 51

what is another name for uterine leiomyoma?

Answer 51

uterine fibroids

Question 52

what is uterine leiomyoma associated with?

Answer 52

menorrhagia | infertility

Question 53

what is seen in morphology of leiomyosarcoma?

Answer 53

spindle cells

Question 54

what is the most common uterine sarcoma

Answer 54

leiomyosarcoma

Question 55

who is most commonly affected by leiomyosarcoma?

Answer 55

women over 50

Question 56

what are the most common symptoms of leiomyosarcoma?

Answer 56

abnormal vaginal bleeding palpable pelvic mass pelvic pain