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Y3 Reproduction > Pathology - Uterus > Flashcards

Pathology - Uterus Flashcards

1
Q

what two cycles occur alongside each other in the menstrual cycle?

A

ovarian

uterine

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2
Q

what are the three phases of the ovarian cycle?

A

follicular phase
ovulation
luteal phase

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3
Q

what occurs in the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle?

A

maturation of follicles

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4
Q

what cells produce the hormones that drive the uterine cycle?

A

granulose cells in the follicles

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5
Q

how long does ovulation take?

A

around one day

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6
Q

what happens to the oocyte after ovulation?

A

picked up by the fimbriae of the uterine tube

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7
Q

what happens to the follicle in the luteal phase?

A

become the corpus luteum

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8
Q

what hormones are produced by the corpus luteum in the luteal phase?

A

oestrogen

progesterone

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9
Q

what happens to the corpus luteum if fertilisation does not occur?

A

it starts to degenerate

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10
Q

what are the three phases of the uterine cycle?

A

menstrual phase
proliferative phase
secretory phase

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11
Q

how long does a typical menstrual phase last?

A

3-8 days

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12
Q

when does the proliferative phase begin?

A

at the same time as the menstrual phase

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13
Q

what happens in the proliferative phase?

A

proliferation of the endometrium to replace what was lost

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14
Q

when does the secretory phase occur?

A

just after menstruation

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15
Q

what drives the secretory phase?

A

progesterone from the corpus luteum

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16
Q

what are two possible investigations that can be done to assess the endometrium?

A

TVUS

hysteroscopy

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17
Q

what endometrial thickness is taken as an indication for a biopsy?

A

> 4mm if postmenopausal

> 16mm if premenopausal

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18
Q

what two methods may be used to take an endometrial biopsy?

A

endometrial pipelle - outpatient, smaller sample

dilatation and curettage - anaesthetic, better sample

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19
Q

what information is required to be sent alongside an endometrial biopsy to histology?

A 
age
date of LMP + cycle length 
pattern of bleeding 
hormones 
recent pregnancy
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20
Q

what is menorrhagia?

A

prolonged and increased menstrual flow

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21
Q

what is metorrhagia?

A

regular intermenstrual bleeding

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22
Q

what is polymenorrhoea?

A

menses occurring at <21 day intervals

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23
Q

what is polymenorrhagia?

A

increased bleeding and frequency of cycles

24
Q

what is menometorrhagia?

A

prolonged menses with intermenstrual bleeding

25
Q

what is amenorrhoea?

A

absence of menstruation for >6 months

26
Q

what is oligomenorrhoea?

A

menses at intervals of >35 days

27
Q

what is disordered uterine bleeding?

A

AUB with no organic cause

28
Q

what is AUB?

A

abnormal uterine bleeding

29
Q

what is DUB?

A

disordered uterine bleeding

29
Q

what is DUB?

A

disordered uterine bleeding

29
Q

what is DUB?

A

disordered uterine bleeding

30
Q

what is PMB?

A

post menopausal bleeding

31
Q

what is postmenopausal bleeding?

A

AUB >1 year after the cessation of menstruation

32
Q

what is the most common cause of DUB?

A

anovulatory cycles

33
Q

how is endometritis histologically diagnosed?

A

plasma cells in the endometrial stroma

34
Q

what two things make endometritis rare?

A

cervical mucous plug prevents ascending infection

cyclical shedding of the endometrium

35
Q

is infectious or non infectious endometritis more common?

A

non infectious

36
Q

name some infections that can cause endometritis

A 
neisseria
chlamydia 
TB
CMV
HSV
37
Q

name some non infectious causes of endometritis

A

intrauterine contraceptive device’s
postpartum
granulomatous
polyps

38
Q

how do endometrial polyps present?

A

usually asymptomatic

may have bleeding or discharge

39
Q

when do endometrial polyps often occur?

A

around/after the menopause

40
Q

what malignancy can present as an endometrial polyp?

A

endometrial carcinoma

41
Q

what is a molar pregnancy?

A

an abnormal form of pregnancy in which a non-viable fertilised egg implants in the uterus

42
Q

what characterises the mass in molar pregnancy?

A

swollen chorionic villi

43
Q

what are the two types of molar pregnancy?

A

complete

partial

44
Q

what causes a complete mole?

A

one or two sperm combining with an egg that has no DNA

sperm duplicates to form a complete chromosome set

45
Q

what DNA is present in a complete mole?

A

only paternal

46
Q

what can a complete mole invade into?

A

the myometrium

47
Q

what is there a risk of in a complete mole?

A

developing into choriocarcinoma

48
Q

what is choriocarcinoma?

A

malignancy of trophoblasts

49
Q

when does a partial mole occur?

A

when the egg is fertilised by one sperm that duplicates/two sperm

50
Q

what genotype is seen in a partial mole?

A

69 XXY

51
Q

what DNA is seen in a partial mole?

A

maternal and paternal

52
Q

what is adenomyosis?

A

when there are endometrial glands and stroma in the myometrium

53
Q

how does adenomyosis present?

A

menorrhagia

dysmenorrhoea

54
Q

what is leiomyoma?

A

a benign tumour of smooth muscle cells

55
Q

what is growth of a uterine leiomyoma dependent on?

A

oestrogen

Y3 Reproduction (49 decks)

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