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Y3 Reproduction > Anatomy - Urinary Incontinence and Prolapse > Flashcards

Anatomy - Urinary Incontinence and Prolapse Flashcards

1
Q

what are the main roles of the pelvic floor?

A

provides support to pelvic organs

maintaining continence

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2
Q

what are the three layers of the pelvic floor?

A

pelvic diaphragm
muscles of perineal pouches
perineal membrane

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3
Q

what is the deepest layer of the pelvic floor?

A

the pelvic diaphragm

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4
Q

what two muscle groups make up the pelvic diaphragm?

A

levator ani

coccyges

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5
Q

what is the anterior gap between the medial borders of the pelvic diaphragm called?

A

urogenital hiatus

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6
Q

what is the role of the urogenital hiatus?

A

allows passage for the urethra and vagina

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7
Q

which muscle of the pelvic diaphragm is located more anterior and medial?

A

levator ani

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8
Q

which muscle of the pelvic diaphragm is located more posterior and lateral?

A

coccygeus

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9
Q

what muscle forms most of the pelvic diaphragm?

A

levator ani

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10
Q

what three muscles make up levator ani?

A

iliococcygeus
pubococcygeus
puborectalis

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11
Q

what nerves innervate levator ani?

A

pudendal

nerve to levator ani

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12
Q

what is the endopelvic fascia?

A

connective tissue that fills in the empty spaces around the pelvic organs

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13
Q

what is the endopelvic fascia made of?

A

some loose, areolar tissue and some fibrous tissue

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14
Q

what are the pelvic ligaments made of?

A

fibrous, thickened endopelvic fascia

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15
Q

name the four pelvic ligaments

A

uterosacral
transverse cervical
lateral ligament of bladder
lateral rectal ligaments

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16
Q

what is another name for the transverse cervical ligaments?

A

cardinal ligaments

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17
Q

where does the deep perineal pouch lie?

A

below the fascia of the inferior pelvic diaphragm

above the perineal membrane

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18
Q

what is found in the deep perineal pouch?

A 
part of the urethra + vagina 
bulbourethral glands in males 
neuromuscular bundle for penis/clitoris 
fat 
muscles
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19
Q

what is another name for the bulbourethral glands?

A

Cowper’s glands

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20
Q

what is the role of Cowper’s glands?

A

create lubricating fluid in the male urethra

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21
Q

what muscles are found in the deep perineal pouch?

A

external urethral sphincter
compressor urethrae
males = deep transverse perineal muscle
females = band of smooth muscle

22
Q

where is the perineal membrane located?

A

superficial to the deep perineal pouch

23
Q

what is the perineal membrane?

A

a thin sheet of tough, deep fascia

24
Q

where does the perineal membrane attach?

A

laterally to the side of the pubic arch

closes the urogenital triangle

25
Q

where does the superficial perineal pouch lie?

A

below the perineal membrane

26
Q

what does the superficial perineal pouch contain in females?

A 
female erectile tissue 
associated muscle 
greater vestibular glands 
superficial transverse perineal muscle 
branches of pudendal vessels and nerve
27
Q

what elements make up the female erectile tissue?

A

clitoris
crura
bulbs of the vestibule

28
Q

what are the clitoris and crura made from?

A

corpus cavernosum

29
Q

what are the associated muscles of the female erectile tissue?

A

bulbospongiosus

ischiocavernosus

30
Q

what muscle lies over the crura?

A

ischiocavernosus

31
Q

what muscle lies over the bulb?

A

bublospongiosus

32
Q

what does the superficial perineal pouch contain in males?

A

the root of the penis
proximal spongy urethra
superficial transverse perineal muscle
pudendal vessels and nerve

33
Q

what makes up the root of the penis?

A

bulb
crura
bulbospongiosus and ischiocavernosus

34
Q

what is the bulb of the penis made from?

A

corpus spongiosum

35
Q

what is the crura of the penis made from?

A

corpus cavernosum

36
Q

what three muscles are involved in the maintenance of urinary continence?

A

external urethral sphincter
compressor urethrae
levator ani

37
Q

what muscle is involved in the maintenance of faecal continence?

A

puborectalis

38
Q

what effect does tonic contraction of puborectalis have?

A

bends the anorectum anteriorly

39
Q

what is the aim of active contraction of the puborectalis?

A

maintaining faecal continence after rectal filling

40
Q

what is vaginal prolapse?

A

herniation of the urethra, bladder, rectum or recto-uterine pouch through the supporting fascia

41
Q

how does vaginal prolapse present?

A

a lump in the vaginal wall

42
Q

what is uterine prolapse?

A

descent of the uterus into the vagina

43
Q

what is first degree uterine prolapse?

A

when the cervix is dropping slighyly into the vagina

44
Q

what is second degree uterine prolapse?

A

when the cervix drops to a level just inside the opening of the vagina

45
Q

what is third degree uterine prolapse?

A

when the cervix is outside of the vagina

46
Q

what is fourth degree uterine prolapse?

A

when the entire uterus is outside of the vagina

47
Q

how can uterine prolapse present?

A

dragging sensation
a feeling of a lump
urinary incontinence

48
Q

how can uterine and vaginal prolapses be treated?

A

sacrospinous fixation

49
Q

what is involved in sacrospinous fixation?

A

sutures placed in the sacrospinous ligament just medial to the ischial spine

performed vaginally

50
Q

what are the risks associated with sacrospinous fixation?

A

risk of injury to the pudendal neuromuscular bundle and the sciatic nerve

Y3 Reproduction (49 decks)

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