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Y3 Reproduction > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two roles of the ovary?

A

produce gametes

produce steroids

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2
Q

what is the production of female gametes called?

A

oogenesis

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3
Q

what steroids do the ovaries produce?

A

oestrogen

progesterone

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4
Q

what is the overall structure of the ovary?

A

has a medulla (core) and a cortex

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5
Q

what does the medulla of the ovary contain>

A

loose connective tissue
arteries
veins
lymphatics

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6
Q

what does the cortex of the ovary contain?

A

scattered ovarian follicles in a connective tissue stroma

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7
Q

what forms the outer shell of the cortex of the ovary?

A

tunica albuginea

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8
Q

what is the tunica albuginea?

A

a dense connective tissue layer

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9
Q

what covers the tunica albuginea?

A

the germinal epithelium

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10
Q

what is the germinal epithelium?

A

a single layer of cuboidal cells

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11
Q

what is an atretic follicle?

A

a follicle that never fully develops

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12
Q

what supplies blood to the ovaries?

A

a group of helicine arteries

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13
Q

where do the helicine arteries to the ovary come from?

A

enter the hilum of the ovary from the broad ligament

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14
Q

when in development do germ cells from the yolk sac enter the ovaries?

A

around week 6

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15
Q

what do the germ cells from the yolk sac form when in the ovaries and how?

A

oogonia

proliferate by mitosis

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16
Q

how do oogonia become mature oocytes?

A

via meiosis

this occurs years later

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17
Q

what is oogenesis?

A

development of oocytes from oogonia

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18
Q

what is folliculogenesis?

A

the growth of the follicle

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19
Q

what makes up the follicle?

A

the oocyte

associated support cells

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20
Q

what is atresia?

A

loss of oogonia and oocytes by apoptosis

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21
Q

describe meiosis in oocytes

A

begins before birth
halts at prophase I

stays here until it may undergo further development - can be decades later

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22
Q

what is the alternate name for the arrested follicles from embryonal development?

A

primordial follicle

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23
Q

what indicates that a primordial follicle is developing into a primary follicle?

A

thickening of the pre-granulosa cell layer

still only one cell layer

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24
Q

what are the five stages of follicular development?

A 
primordial follicle 
primary follicle 
late primary follicle 
secondary follicle 
mature Graafian follicle
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25
what is the difference between a primary follicle and a late primary follicle?
many layers of pre-granulosa cells oocyte has a well developed zona pellucida
26
what indicates the formation of the secondary follicle?
development of the fluid filled antrum
27
what is the last stage of follicular development?
development of the mature Graafian follicle much larger antrum
28
what are the antra follicles?
secondary follicle | mature Graafian follicle
29
what is another name for the follicle cells?
pregranulosa cells
30
what happens if an oocyte fails to associate with pregranulosa cells?
it will die
31
what happens to the pregranulosa cells when the follicle enters the growth phase?
they change from being squamous and become cuboidal
31
what happens to the pregranulosa cells when the follicle enters the growth phase?
they change from being squamous and become cuboidal
32
what defines a primary follicle?
cuboidal granulosa cells
33
what do stromal cells associating with the outside of the follicle go on to form?
the theca folliculi
34
what is the zona pellucida?
a layer of extracellular matrix found between the oocyte and the granulosa cells
35
in the late primary follicle, what are the two layers of stromal cells that form called?
theca interna | theca externa
36
what does the theca interna secrete?
oestrogen precursors
37
what converts oestrogen precursors to oestrogen?
the granulose cells
38
what is the antrum filled with?
follicular fluid
39
what are the very largest antral follicles called?
Graafian follicles
40
what happens to the oocyte one day before ovulation?
completes meiosis 1 and produces a secondary oocyte and a polar body
41
what happens to the polar body of the follicle produced by meiosis 1?
it degenerates
42
what happens to the secondary oocyte produced by meiosis?
it begins the second phase of meiosis and stops at metaphase II
43
when does a fully mature oocyte finally develop?
once it has been released and fertilised by a sperm
44
what does the presence of a follicular stigma represent?
imminent rupture of the follicle
45
what does rupture of the follicle lead to?
the release of the oocyte and the granulose cells that surround it
46
what happens to the follicle after ovulation?
transforms into a corpus luteum
47
what does the corpus luteum produce?
oestrogen | progesterone
48
what happens to the corpus luteum if no implantation occurs?
becomes the corpus albicans
49
what does the corpus luteum if implantation does occur?
maintains progesterone levels these maintaim the pregnancy
50
in pregnancy, what prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum?
placenta secreting HCG
51
what are other possible names for the uterine tubes?
oviducts | fallopian tubes
52
what happens to the uterine tubes when the follicle ruptures?
the infundibulum moves so its opening is adjacent to the site of follicle rupture
53
how does the ovum move down the uterine tubes?
propelled by gentle peristalsis and cilia in the epithelium
54
what does the epithelium of the uterine tubes secrete?
nutrients
55
where does fertilisation usually occur?
the ampulla of the uterine tube
56
describe the mucosa present in the ampulla of the uterine tube
highly folded lined by simple columnar cells contains cilia and secretory cells surrounded by smooth muscle
57
describe the smooth muscle present in the uterine tube
2 layers in ampulla | 3 layers in isthmus
58
what are the three layers of the uterine wall from inner to outer?
endometrium myometrium perimetric
59
what is the endometrium?
secretory mucosa
60
what is the endometrium made from?
tubular secretory glands embedded in a connective tissue storm
61
what makes up the myometrium?
three layers of smooth muscle collagen elastic tissue
62
what makes up the perimetrium?
loose connective tissue covered by mesothelium
63
what are the two parts of the endometrium?
stratum functionalis | stream basalis
64
what does the stratum functionalis of the endometrium do?
undergoes monthly growth, regeneration and loss
65
what does the stratum basalis of the endometrium do?
reserve tissue that regenerates the functionalis
66
what happens to the stratum basalis in the proliferative phase?
grow and increase the thickness of the endometrium. reconstituting the stratum functionalis
67
what happens to the endometrium during the secretory phase?
glands become coiled with a corkscrew appearance and secrete glycogen
68
when does the proliferative phase occur?
end of menstruation until a day before ovulation
69
when does the secretory phase occur?
ovulation to menstruation
70
what happens to the endometrium during the menstrual phase?
arterioles in the stratum functionalis undergo constriction causing ischaemia causes the tissue to breakdown
71
describe the epithelium lining the cervix
stratified squamous near the vagina simple columnar deeper in the cervical canal
72
what glands are present in the epithelium of the cervical canal?
endocervical glands
73
describe the secretion from the endocervical glands
thin and watery in the proliferative phase thick and viscous following ovulation
74
what happens if the endocervical glands get blocked?
formation of a nabothian cyst
75
what are the four layers of the vagina from internal to external?
epithelium lamina propria fibromuscular layer adventitia
76
what epithelium is present in the vagina?
non keratinised stratified squamous epithelium
77
what happens to the epithelium of the vagina during reproductive years and why?
thicker with enlarged cells due to glycogen accumulation
78
what is found in the lamina propria of the vagina?
connective tissue elastic fibres blood vessels
79
what is found in the fibromuscular layer of the vagina?
inner circular smooth muscle | outer longitudinal smooth muscle
80
how is the vagina lubricated?
by mucous from the cervical glands and fluid from the blood vessels of the lamina propria
81
what inhibits growth of pathogenic bacteria in the vagina?
commensal bacteria metabolise glycogen to lactic acid, this inhibits growth

Y3 Reproduction (49 decks)

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