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Y3 Reproduction > Histology > Flashcards

Histology Flashcards

1
Q

what are the two roles of the ovary?

A

produce gametes

produce steroids

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2
Q

what is the production of female gametes called?

A

oogenesis

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3
Q

what steroids do the ovaries produce?

A

oestrogen

progesterone

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4
Q

what is the overall structure of the ovary?

A

has a medulla (core) and a cortex

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5
Q

what does the medulla of the ovary contain>

A

loose connective tissue
arteries
veins
lymphatics

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6
Q

what does the cortex of the ovary contain?

A

scattered ovarian follicles in a connective tissue stroma

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7
Q

what forms the outer shell of the cortex of the ovary?

A

tunica albuginea

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8
Q

what is the tunica albuginea?

A

a dense connective tissue layer

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9
Q

what covers the tunica albuginea?

A

the germinal epithelium

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10
Q

what is the germinal epithelium?

A

a single layer of cuboidal cells

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11
Q

what is an atretic follicle?

A

a follicle that never fully develops

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12
Q

what supplies blood to the ovaries?

A

a group of helicine arteries

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13
Q

where do the helicine arteries to the ovary come from?

A

enter the hilum of the ovary from the broad ligament

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14
Q

when in development do germ cells from the yolk sac enter the ovaries?

A

around week 6

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15
Q

what do the germ cells from the yolk sac form when in the ovaries and how?

A

oogonia

proliferate by mitosis

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16
Q

how do oogonia become mature oocytes?

A

via meiosis

this occurs years later

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17
Q

what is oogenesis?

A

development of oocytes from oogonia

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18
Q

what is folliculogenesis?

A

the growth of the follicle

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19
Q

what makes up the follicle?

A

the oocyte

associated support cells

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20
Q

what is atresia?

A

loss of oogonia and oocytes by apoptosis

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21
Q

describe meiosis in oocytes

A

begins before birth
halts at prophase I

stays here until it may undergo further development - can be decades later

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22
Q

what is the alternate name for the arrested follicles from embryonal development?

A

primordial follicle

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23
Q

what indicates that a primordial follicle is developing into a primary follicle?

A

thickening of the pre-granulosa cell layer

still only one cell layer

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24
Q

what are the five stages of follicular development?

A 
primordial follicle 
primary follicle 
late primary follicle 
secondary follicle 
mature Graafian follicle
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25
Q

what is the difference between a primary follicle and a late primary follicle?

A

many layers of pre-granulosa cells

oocyte has a well developed zona pellucida

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26
Q

what indicates the formation of the secondary follicle?

A

development of the fluid filled antrum

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27
Q

what is the last stage of follicular development?

A

development of the mature Graafian follicle

much larger antrum

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28
Q

what are the antra follicles?

A

secondary follicle

mature Graafian follicle

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29
Q

what is another name for the follicle cells?

A

pregranulosa cells

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30
Q

what happens if an oocyte fails to associate with pregranulosa cells?

A

it will die

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31
Q

what happens to the pregranulosa cells when the follicle enters the growth phase?

A

they change from being squamous and become cuboidal

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31
Q

what happens to the pregranulosa cells when the follicle enters the growth phase?

A

they change from being squamous and become cuboidal

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32
Q

what defines a primary follicle?

A

cuboidal granulosa cells

33
Q

what do stromal cells associating with the outside of the follicle go on to form?

A

the theca folliculi

34
Q

what is the zona pellucida?

A

a layer of extracellular matrix

found between the oocyte and the granulosa cells

35
Q

in the late primary follicle, what are the two layers of stromal cells that form called?

A

theca interna

theca externa

36
Q

what does the theca interna secrete?

A

oestrogen precursors

37
Q

what converts oestrogen precursors to oestrogen?

A

the granulose cells

38
Q

what is the antrum filled with?

A

follicular fluid

39
Q

what are the very largest antral follicles called?

A

Graafian follicles

40
Q

what happens to the oocyte one day before ovulation?

A

completes meiosis 1 and produces a secondary oocyte and a polar body

41
Q

what happens to the polar body of the follicle produced by meiosis 1?

A

it degenerates

42
Q

what happens to the secondary oocyte produced by meiosis?

A

it begins the second phase of meiosis and stops at metaphase II

43
Q

when does a fully mature oocyte finally develop?

A

once it has been released and fertilised by a sperm

44
Q

what does the presence of a follicular stigma represent?

A

imminent rupture of the follicle

45
Q

what does rupture of the follicle lead to?

A

the release of the oocyte and the granulose cells that surround it

46
Q

what happens to the follicle after ovulation?

A

transforms into a corpus luteum

47
Q

what does the corpus luteum produce?

A

oestrogen

progesterone

48
Q

what happens to the corpus luteum if no implantation occurs?

A

becomes the corpus albicans

49
Q

what does the corpus luteum if implantation does occur?

A

maintains progesterone levels

these maintaim the pregnancy

50
Q

in pregnancy, what prevents degeneration of the corpus luteum?

A

placenta secreting HCG

51
Q

what are other possible names for the uterine tubes?

A

oviducts

fallopian tubes

52
Q

what happens to the uterine tubes when the follicle ruptures?

A

the infundibulum moves so its opening is adjacent to the site of follicle rupture

53
Q

how does the ovum move down the uterine tubes?

A

propelled by gentle peristalsis and cilia in the epithelium

54
Q

what does the epithelium of the uterine tubes secrete?

A

nutrients

55
Q

where does fertilisation usually occur?

A

the ampulla of the uterine tube

56
Q

describe the mucosa present in the ampulla of the uterine tube

A

highly folded
lined by simple columnar cells
contains cilia and secretory cells

surrounded by smooth muscle

57
Q

describe the smooth muscle present in the uterine tube

A

2 layers in ampulla

3 layers in isthmus

58
Q

what are the three layers of the uterine wall from inner to outer?

A

endometrium
myometrium
perimetric

59
Q

what is the endometrium?

A

secretory mucosa

60
Q

what is the endometrium made from?

A

tubular secretory glands embedded in a connective tissue storm

61
Q

what makes up the myometrium?

A

three layers of smooth muscle
collagen
elastic tissue

62
Q

what makes up the perimetrium?

A

loose connective tissue covered by mesothelium

63
Q

what are the two parts of the endometrium?

A

stratum functionalis

stream basalis

64
Q

what does the stratum functionalis of the endometrium do?

A

undergoes monthly growth, regeneration and loss

65
Q

what does the stratum basalis of the endometrium do?

A

reserve tissue that regenerates the functionalis

66
Q

what happens to the stratum basalis in the proliferative phase?

A

grow and increase the thickness of the endometrium. reconstituting the stratum functionalis

67
Q

what happens to the endometrium during the secretory phase?

A

glands become coiled with a corkscrew appearance and secrete glycogen

68
Q

when does the proliferative phase occur?

A

end of menstruation until a day before ovulation

69
Q

when does the secretory phase occur?

A

ovulation to menstruation

70
Q

what happens to the endometrium during the menstrual phase?

A

arterioles in the stratum functionalis undergo constriction causing ischaemia

causes the tissue to breakdown

71
Q

describe the epithelium lining the cervix

A

stratified squamous near the vagina

simple columnar deeper in the cervical canal

72
Q

what glands are present in the epithelium of the cervical canal?

A

endocervical glands

73
Q

describe the secretion from the endocervical glands

A

thin and watery in the proliferative phase

thick and viscous following ovulation

74
Q

what happens if the endocervical glands get blocked?

A

formation of a nabothian cyst

75
Q

what are the four layers of the vagina from internal to external?

A

epithelium
lamina propria
fibromuscular layer
adventitia

76
Q

what epithelium is present in the vagina?

A

non keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

77
Q

what happens to the epithelium of the vagina during reproductive years and why?

A

thicker with enlarged cells

due to glycogen accumulation

78
Q

what is found in the lamina propria of the vagina?

A

connective tissue
elastic fibres
blood vessels

79
Q

what is found in the fibromuscular layer of the vagina?

A

inner circular smooth muscle

outer longitudinal smooth muscle

80
Q

how is the vagina lubricated?

A

by mucous from the cervical glands and fluid from the blood vessels of the lamina propria

81
Q

what inhibits growth of pathogenic bacteria in the vagina?

A

commensal bacteria metabolise glycogen to lactic acid, this inhibits growth

Y3 Reproduction (49 decks)

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